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8 Miscellaneous

<span class="postTitle">Jack Gleeson, Cashel</span> West Tipperary G.A.A. by J.J. Kennedy. Pub. by the West Tipp G.A.A. Board, 2001, pp 401-402

Jack Gleeson, Cashel

West Tipperary G.A.A. by J.J. Kennedy. Pub. by the West Tipp G.A.A. Board, 2001, pp 401-402

 

'He was a very strong hurler". "He had great courage was willing to face anything". "He never gave less than his best for the team". These are some of the statements that one hears of Jack Gleeson of Shanballa, the Cashel man who played for Rockwell Rovers. as well as his own parish, the hurler who left Cashel for Roscrea in his prime and won All Irelands with Tipperary and London Irish. 

Jack's father, Nicholas, played with the old Racecourse team and he was a fanatical follower of the game of hurling. Into the Second World War, Nicholas and his boon companion, John Mannion, used to cycle to matches in Thurles. Both were then into their seventies. As an acquaintance of theirs put it: "Everyone's character was safe in their company because they spoke of nothing but the hurley and the ball". Nicholas himself was a Drombane man, where his father, a school teacher lived. A brother of his, Timothy, who later taught in Cloneyharp N.S. hurled with the Thurles Blues and won two All Irelands. He also played at Fontenoy in 1910. 

In the same year Jack was born. His father, who worked at Rockwell College, married a girl from Carrick-on-Suir. As well as Jack they had two daughters, one of whom died in 1939. The second, Helena, still lives in the family home at Shanballa. 

Jack attended Templenoe N.5. and later Cashel C.B.S. He showed good hurling ability and was vice-captain of a very successful C.B.5. team in 1927 that won ten out of thirteen games. This success led them to enter the Harty Cup competition in 1928 but they were beaten by Carrick-on-Suir in the first round. 

When he finished school Jack went to Rockwell to work as a butcher. It seems that he began to play for Rockwell Rovers. at this stage of his career. He doen'st figure for Cashel until 1931 when the team was beaten by Knockavilla-Donaskeigh in the West final. In fact his name doesn't appear in the earlier games and he may have been drafted in for the final. This suggestion is borne out by the fact that he didn't play for Cashel in 1932 but, instead, turned out for Rockwell Rovers. He was definitely on the Cashel team that won a West final for the first time in 1933 in junior hurling. The team was beaten in the county semi-final by Bawnmore at Nenagh. 

In the following year Jack Gleeson played an important part in Cashel's first senior hurling victory. He played a dominant role in this victory at centre field over the Clonoulty Cusacks. He also played a major part in the county semi-final which Cashel lost to Moycarkey\Borris. According to one newspaper account: "Gleeson was the hero of the team and he certainly deserved all the praise he got. Jack also played on the county junior hurling team which was defeated in the Munster championship. 

His hurling career with Cashel came to an end the following year when the team was surprisingly beaten by Knockavilla-Donaskeigh. Either at the end of 1935 or the beginning of 1936 Jack moved,to Roscrea to take up employment with Roscrea Meat Products Ltd. He played with the local club that year and helped the team to win the North final of 1937. As luck would have it Cashel were West champions that year and the two sides played the county semi-final at Borrisoleigh. Cashel were behind by nine points at half time but came storming back to win by a goal. Gleeson got plenty of slagging from the Cashel supporters in Borrisoleigh that day. 

Jack Gleeson played in the county colours for one year and won a senior All Ireland medal. He had a short reign. He came on the team in 1937, played at centrefield with Jimmy Cooney, and was dropped after the All Ireland which was played at Killamey that year. 

Tipperary created a surprise in the Munster final when they defeated the famous Limerick team that was regarded as one of the greatest hurling combinations in the history of the G.A.A. The star of the victorious team was Tommy Doyle but, according to one newspaper report, Jack Gleeson vindicated his selection at centrefield: "Perhaps too much was expected of Cooney, but whatever it was, Gleeson stole most of his thunder and justified the confidence of the selectors. A rugged, rather than a spectacular worker, he revelled in the hard exchanges and staked a very strong claim to a permanent berth on the team". 

Tipperary had a rather facile win in the All Ireland final at Killamey over Kilkenny. The match was played outside Croke Park because of the construction of the Cusack Stand and the final score was 3-11 to 0-3 in Tipperary's favour. Jack Gleeson was again at midfield and forty two years later a fellow player on that day, Bill O'Donnell, in a get-together of some of the team reminisced thus: "We missed most of all the pair who provided the link between defence and attack, a partnership that seldom gave best to any two, the hardworking, never-give-up, Jack Gleeson, and one of Ireland's greatest midfielders ever, Jimmy Cooney". 

Not many followers of Gaelic Games realise that Jack Gleeson has a distinction which is possibly unique: he won two All Irelands in successive years with different counties and in different countries! He left Roscrea soon after winning the All Ireland in September 1937 and went to work at Clover Meats at Waterford. While there he fell in love with a girl who emigrated to London. Jack followed in 1938 and started work in Walls meat factories. He joined London-Irish and won on their team in the All Ireland junior hurling championship. They defeated Cork in the final, which was played in London that year and, thus, Jack won a second All Ireland medal. 

Jack Gleeson married and settled down in London. He had two sons. He did well at his job and when he died in 1970 he was a successful man. His remains were brought home for burial and he was interred in the family plot at Kilvalure, Drombane, in the company of his father and grandfather.

<span class="postTitle">Colm Bonnar, Cashel</span> West Tipperary G.A.A. by J.J. Kennedy. Pub. by West Tipp G.A.A. Board, 2001, pp 395-396

Colm Bonnar, Cashel

West Tipperary G.A.A. by J.J. Kennedy. Pub. by West Tipp G.A.A. Board, 2001, pp 395-396

 

Colm Bonnar's hurling record includes at least one rare distinction, that of having won All-Ireland honours in different grades, senior, intermediate, under-21 and minor. With a little luck this distinction might have been unique: in 1985 he played on the county junior team beaten in the All-Ireland by Wexford. When one one adds a Fitzgibbon Cup medal, a couple of All-Ireland colleges B medals the record becomes even more impressive. 

Born in Cashel in 1964 his first hurling was done in the Christian Brothers Primary School under the eye of Brother O'Grady. Also giving guidance at the time were Danny Morrissey and Roger Kennedy, the latter before he gave up teaching for the freedom of farming. Colm played in under-11 and under-13 competitions captained the county under-13 primary schools against Clare primary schools. 

Progressing to secondary school he was on the team in 1978 which was beaten in the Rice Cup final. He went on from there to win a Croke Cup, a Fitzgerald Cup, a MacGabhann Cup in football, and culminated a very successful period with All-Ireland colleges successes in 1980 and 1982, after victory in the Corn Phadraig in Munster. Playing at centreback in 1982 he captained the side. 

His successes at school level were paralleled at club level. In 1976 there was county success at under-12 in hurling but defeat in the football final. This was followed up by under-14 success in 1978, under-16 success in 1980 and county minor honours in 1980; In the same year there was victory in the west under-21 football championship. 

So much talent and ability spilled over into county recognition. In 1982 there was All-Ireland minor success at cornerback and this was followed by three years at under-21 level. The years brought him three Munster medals and one All-Ireland. In 1983 there was defeat by Galway at Tullamore and by Kilkenny the year after at Waterford. Victory finally came in 1985 against Kilkenny at Waterford. The winning margin was narrow, 1-10 to 2-6, but it was very sweet after defeat in the two previous years. Colm was again at cornerback and, according to one match report, 'maintained his consistently sound performances over the season: 

Colm almost won a second All-Ireland in 1985. He played on the junior side which qualified for the AllIreland but lost by a point to Wexford at Kilkenny. Colm qualified to play in this grade by virtue of being unavailable to play senior with Cashel the previous year. He impressed the county senior selectors sufficiently, with his performances at under-21 and junior levels, to be drafted into the senior panel for the league at the end of 1985. From then until 1998, fourteen years inclusive, he was to be a member of that panel. 

His first championship outing was against Clare at Ennis in the 1986 championship. Not a very auspicious opening. Nine points up early in the second half, Tipperary eventuaJly slumped to a 2-10 to 1-11 defeat. Many would regard this defeat as the nadir in the county's fortunes, which had given us little to shout about since 1971. It led to a think-in about where we were going, the appointment of Babs Keating as manager and the lowest point became the darkest hour before the dawn of a new era. 

The new management took over in September and started out on a campaign to end the famine in Tipperary senior hurling. Colm Bonnar was very much part of that campaign. Between then and September 1989, when All-Ireland success came, Tipperary played forty-two competitive games in league and championship. The extent of Colm's contribution can be measured by the number of these games he played. The player who played the most was Conor O'Donovan with thirty-eight but Colm was a clear second with thirty-six. Also, he had a record, uninterrupted sequence of thirty-one games until he was dropped, in favour of Declan Carr, for the All-Ireland semi-final against Galway. He returned for the All-Ireland. 

During this period he won three Munster finals, in 1987,1988 and 1999, and the first of his two All-Ireland senior medals in 1989. The previous year he was honoured with an All-Star, partnering George O'Connor at centrefield. Bobby Ryan, Declan Ryan and Nicky English were also in the side. He captained the side on the tour to the U.S., visiting New York and Florida. A National League title was won in 1988 against Offaly and one lost the following year against Galway. Prospects looked bright for Colm at this stage of his career and he was to continue playing for a further nine years but success was to be sparse. His second All-Ireland came in 1991 with victory over Kilkenny. There was an Oireachtas medal the previous year. Two Railway Cup medals were won in 1995 and 1996. There was a second National League medal in 1994. The third senior All-Ireland medal remained elusive and he had to make do with a fifth Munster medal in 1993. Everything might have come right in 1997 but instead there was defeat by Clare at both Munster and All-Ireland levels. 

Nevertheless there were consolations. There was some fine success at college level with the Waterford Institute of Technology. He captained the freshers footballers to a B All-Ireland. He won the division 1 hurling league in 1986 and 1987. WIT was the only IT in the competition. Institutes of Technology and such Third Level places were excluded from the Fitzgibbon Cup until 1987-88. When Colm went back to WIT for further study in the mid-nineties he helped it to its second Fitzgibbon victory in 1995. (They beat U.C.D., managed by brother, Conal, in the final.) He had trained the school to its first in 1992. 

As well as giving dedicated service to the county Colm has for years been the backbone of the Cashel King Cormac's team. He made his debut with the senior team in 1981 and helped the club to a Crosco Cup victory. Further Crosco Cup medals were won in 1983, 1986,1990,1994 and 1996. The eighties were not a very fruitful time for the club and he had to wait until 1988 for his first west senior hurling medal. Cashel were defeated by Borrisoleigh in the county semi-final. There were further divisional titles won in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. The highlight of club achievement was the winning of the county final for the first time in 1991, after losing to Holycross-Ballycahill the previous year. Colm was captain of that victorious side which went on to take Munster club honours before going down to Kiltormer after a three-game classic in the All-Ireland semi-final. On a lesser note he helped the club to their first ever west senior football title in 1990, making it a senior double. He is also the proud possessor of a county junior football medal from 1984. 

Because of his domestic and work commitments Colm transferred to Dunhill, Co. Waterford in 1997 and played with the club for a number of years. He won two divisional intermediate championships with the club, football in 1997 and hurling in 1999. Unfortunately they were beaten in both county finals. 

Colm has an impressive list of honours to his credit but even more impressive is the complete commitment he has given to club and county over a quarter of a century. This made him the most valuable member of any. team. He never gave less than his all and his superior physical fitness ensured that most always he gave more than most. His solo runs and tackling were phenomenal. He was a player so full of courage that he never stood back from anything. On the other hand he was always the fairest of players who never had his name taken by a referee. He played centrefield quite a bit but was probably most at home in the centreback position. He liked nothing better than meeting the ball and taking it out of the air amid a flash of hurleys. His sense of position on the field of play was superb af:his anticipation was uncanny. His contribution Cashel and Tipperary can never be forgotten.

 

<span class="postTitle">In the Cradle of the Gaelic Athletic Association - Games, Players and Cultural Influence</span> Talk given in Killenaule, July 7th, 2000

In the Cradle of the Gaelic Athletic Association - Games, Players and Cultural Influence

Talk given at The Slieveardagh Culture & Enterprise Centre, River Street, Killenaule, July 7th, 2000

 

The title of this lecture may be slightly grandiose and, perhaps, in need of a bit of explanation. The overall theme of the week is a retrospective look at the twentieth century in Tipperary and it is my brief to speak to you of the changes that have occurred in the Gaelic Athletic Association. Not being old enough to cover the entire century I have confined myself to the changes that have occurred since the Second World War.

The G.A.A. was formed at a time when Ireland had almost lost its collective identity. The people were reduced to isolated, helpless and alienated individuals, leading to a loss of pride and self-confidence, shame, worthlessness and self-hatred. In order to counteract this, Cusack realised that a sense of solidarity and a national identity had to be created.

The Association achieved three very different purposes. It encouraged local patriotism. It inculcated among its members an uncompromising hostility to foreign games and it revived local and national pride. It played a major part in the resurrection of the national spirit and it inspired the separatist ideal which led to 1916 and the War of Independence. It became a very successful movement, because, as you are well aware, it was concerned with much more than hurling and football matches. It embraced a much wider field. It was a distinct culture, a particular way of looking at things, a worldview that was unique.

The organisation considered itself a cornerstone of Irish society, equal in standing with other cornerstones like the Catholic Church and Fianna fail. Like them it claimed to be representative of the authentic Ireland, as the salt of the Irish earth, as the template of Irish nationality. It claims the allegiance of vast numbers and after winters of rugby and soccer internationals, thousands of followers return to the terraces and stands of G.A.A. stadia during the summer as if to a spiritual home. It is a reflection of the hold the organisation has on the minds and hearts of Irish people.

In the course of this talk I hope to reflect on the changes that have taken place and on where the organisation has changed over the past fifty years. But side by side with that change is much that has remained very much the same. One aspect of G.A.A. behaviour that has nor changed, for example, is time-keeping. Whereas today most major games begin on schedule, such is not the case in many lesser games. For some reason the G.A.A team finds it difficult to get to the field on time. Games are very often late starting. Referees are sometimes as late as the teams. When I was chairman of the west board a few years ago, I imposed fines on teams who were late for a fixture. And the excuses I was offered were most inventive: punctures, funerals, cows on the road, players delayed at work, etc. It interests me enormously how these same players, when they play soccer at 12 o’clock on Sundays during winter, are never late. The culture of that organisation does not tolerate lateness.

Why then is it the case with the G.A.A.? I suppose it could be described as a vestigial remains from early decades. Matches were invariably late starting in the fifties and with the endless stoppages allowed on the field of play, late finishing also. And, I suppose, that psychology of lateness was but a reflection of the wider society. Remember the priest used to be late for Mass. When I was serving in the late forties we had two young priests in the parish, Fr. O’Meara and Fr. Comerford, and a very old P.P., Canon Molony, who wasn’t too aufait with what was happening. These young priests found it impossible to make 9.30 Mass in Redwood in time. They lived in Rathcabbin and they usually arrived to a screech of brakes about 9.45 to 9.50. One morning Fr. Comerford arrived without the communion breads and had to rush back to Rathcabbin for them before Mass could begin.

And yet it wasn’t like that everywhere, if Kavanagh’s lines on the dance in Billy Brennan’s Barn are an accurate reflection of life in the Monaghan countryside in the twenties. The poet is alone given over to contemplating his lot as everyone is gone to the dance:

‘Half-past eight and there’s not a spot

Upon a mile of road, no shadow thrown

That might turn out a man or woman,

Not a footfall tapping secrecies of stone

Was there a culture of earliness in the twenties or was it that their lives were so miserable that every minute of a dance was an enjoyment to be experienced and savoured. But, I digress.

Let me present two cameos that encapsulate a picture of the G.A.A. in an earlier time. The year is 1929. My father, a Shinrone man, is playing with Offaly in the All-Ireland junior hurling final at Thurles. He ties his boots and togs – made out of bleached flour bags – to his hurley, slings it over his shoulder and walks down to Brosna Station, on the Birr-Roscrea railway line. He takes the train to Thurles, makes his way to the field and contributes to the defeat of Cork. After the game he puts on his clothes, without the benefit of a shower, returns to the station and back home the way he arrived. He recalls that few in the parish knew he was playing and fewer were interested in the result.

Come forward nineteen years to 1947. The month is December. The venue is Gaile. The occasion the county intermediate hurling final of 1946. The teams Lorrha and Moycarkey. No report of the match appeared in any of the local papers. I have come across nobody who is sure of the score. The County G.A.A. history gives 4-4 to 2-3. But memories say Lorrha won by a goal. I came across a speech by former county chairman, Hubie Hogan, in which he stated Lorrha won by 4-2 to 2-4. Paddy O’Sullivan from the parish recalls there were seven Lorrha supporters at the game and can name them all bar one. The Lorrha lads went home after the match and there were no celebrations. Paddy claims there were people in the parish who didn’t know for years afterwards that Lorrha had won the county final.

Either of these experiences would be inconceivable today.

I suppose one area where there has been dramatic change since the fifties is among the supporters. Then they were predominantly male with a few mature women thrown in, plus boys and girls. I recall a trip to Tullamore with my uncle and three other men in 1949. I can’t remember the match but we went to the pub afterwards and I drank plenty of lemonade. As we drove home I was seated in the centre rear and had a fierce longing to go for a leak. But I was embarrassed to ask. Eventually they had to go and we stopped on the side of the road. They had already done the job and returned to the car and I was still relieving myself. I could hear their talk: ‘Will he ever stop?’ I eventually did to my great relief.

My memory of attendances is of predominantly males in dark suits and hats. Looking recently at some footage from All-Irelands in the fifties there is a scattering of females, mostly mature and wearing hats. The impression is of a predominantly male following, with none of the young women one sees at matches today on view.

Today, as we are so well aware, all has changed utterly. More and more one finds the family group at big games, father/mother, and teenage or even younger children of both sexes. The big problem arises is August and September when they can’t afford the prices of admission to major games, if they are lucky enough to get tickets.

The big development in support for Gaelic Games from the family group goes back to 1987 in this county, when the famine finally ended. In this regard most people recall Killarney. But I like to refer to the N8 from Cashel to Dublin on the Sunday morning of the All-Ireland semi-final. People were moving early. There was a great display of colours from the cars, packed mostly with family groups. There was a magnificent atmosphere. Just under 50,000 people attended that game on August 9. It wasn’t a double header, just the contest between Tipp and Galway. It was the greatest attendance at an All-Ireland semi-final since 1958, when Tipperary beat Kilkenny at the same stage.

I don’t think this development has been sufficiently noted. There’s a tendency to associate the huge development in support with the arrival of Clare in 1995. I suggest it started with the return of Tipp in 1987.

The rise of Waterford in 1998 brought another great upsurge in support for hurling. On the day they played Clare at Thurles, I watched the supporters of the blue and white. They came in such numbers, fathers, mothers, children. They were decked out so well in tee shirts, hats, badges, neckbands, flags and banners. They were a sight to watch.

I suppose the increase in the wearing of colours is a spin-off from soccer and from Ireland’s participation in the European and World cups. The Irish supporters flaunted the national colours in a way which made Jack’s army unique and exciting. That phenomenon has spilled over into the G.A.A. and it has been helped by two other developments, the wider availability of sport and leisure gear from major suppliers like Nike, Adidas and others, but from local producers as well, who can turn out tee shirts, jerseys, scarves and other gear at the drop of a hat. There is also the proliferation of sports shops, many of them fronted by former players, who cash in on this development. Latterly county boards have been getting in on the act. Clare have been there for some time and Tipperary arrived on the scene in May.

There is also the improvement in the quality and design of these goods which makes the county and club jerseys attractive leisure wear and they are worn widely in club areas. For instance if you visit Donnycarney you will find the red/yellow of Craobh Ciaran all over the place. And the same applies in other club areas, especially when the club is successful.

None of this would be possible if there wasn’t surplus money around. The Celtic Tiger has seen to that with more earnings available for leisure pursuits. Many people have money to spend following a team and this involves not only going to the match and supporting the team but identifying with the team colours by wearing the appropriate gear.

I suppose there’s a social and psychological dimension as well. When we think back to the drabness of the fifties, the predominantly dark colour of the clothes, particularly men’s, the heavy duty serge, the general depression that hung over all, the poor economic condition of the country, the widespread poverty, there was very little scope for colour and bunting apart from that of Papal flags and Church vestments in the processions on August 15 and other feast days.

There was also the inhibition, which restrained people from exuberant display or any kind of colourful expression. The one outlet for feeling and expression was supporting one’s team whether at club or county level, but expressing that support vocally at matches against rivals.

As well as a revolution in the range of supporters at games and in the way that support is expressed; there has also been a revolution in the facilities for games. In fact this revolution has been phenomenal. If I remember accurately Lorrha used hold tournaments at Easter. St. Vincent’s of Dublin came in 1947 for a match on Easter Sunday. I am inclined to believe that the reason for having such games early in the year, apart from the need to get the team back training for the championship, was the need to have a reasonably bare field, which was possible at Easter before the growth began. It didn’t make much difference if there were a few cowpats on the field. With a bit of luck the players would avoid them. If one were unfortunate to slide into one it could be wiped off with a tuft of grass.

The field was always a temporary one, drafted into use for the occasion. Lorrha had no permanent field until the eighties. I remember two temporary fields in use, one at the Pike and a second at Abbeyville. Cashel King Cormac’s played in different venues, the Dualla Road, the Ardmayle Road, before finding a permanent home in Leahy Park in the early fifties. Clubs found it difficult to get fields. Farmers were reluctant to make their land available. In these temporary fields the grass was seldom cut. That would be a waste. It was cropped by cattle or sheep or by the traffic of players down the centre. The wings were usually grassy. The sideline and ends were notional. Sometimes a stone delineated the corners of the playing area.

Changing facilities didn’t exist. I recall vividly coming across a line of bundles of clothes at a tournament in Lorrha in the late forties. They created a strange sight, little bundles lying forlorn along a ditch, where the team had togged out. Sometimes the players didn’t have togs. I recall watching fellows playing in their trousers with their stockings pulled up over the legs.

One of my longest memories was crowding into an upstairs room in Foley’s Pub in Borrisokane where Lorrha always togged out for their matches in that town. I was small and the players were huge men. I remember Patsy Carroll, a famous cross-country runner applying a mixture of wintergreen and olive oil to their legs before they departed for the field The pungent odour still lingers in my nostrils. After the match the supporters crowded in for porter. That was the payment because there was never a charge for the room.

Of course the primitive conditions reflected the economic conditions of the people at large. ‘Twas far from showers and washing facilities they were reared. We got the bathroom into the house in 1958 and it was one of the first in the neighbourhood. When one thinks back to these days one wonders were people conscious of BO.? I’m reminded of a statement an American politician made about the French during an election campaign at a time when American-French relations were at a low ebb during the thirties. He was denigrating French habits of hygiene. ‘Did you know,’ he asked his audience, ‘that a French person is washed only twice is his life, once when he is born and a second time when he is dead? In between he uses talcum powder.’ It may have been an exaggeration but it was a reflection that a greater part of the world probably was part of the great unwashed. I am not aware if many Irish used talcum powder after matches during the fifties. Today showers have to be available after all G.A.A. activity in a Sportsfield.

Another area which has seen a dramatic change is in training. Collective training for county teams was present as far back as the twenties. The late Bill Ryan Laha told me about collective training they did for the 1920 football All-Ireland. They spent two weeks at Dungarvan before the final. Why they picked that location I don’t know. This kind of training continued into the fifties, when it was banned by the G.A.A. I suppose there was a purpose in it because of transport difficulties in getting to a venue for central training.

Apart from that training was fairly amateurish with the emphasis on ball playing and skill learning rather than physical preparation. I recall training with St. Flannan’s for Harty Cup games under the eye of Fr. Jimmy Madden, who is now retired in Borrisokane parish. Training sessions consisted of endless backs and forwards with a run around the field to complete it. Also, we were given extra food, beef tea at eleven o’clock in the morning and raw eggs at night.

There wasn’t much difference in the training of club teams. Again there was a concentration on hurling, either in matches or in backs and forwards. Very little running was done.

Coaching as we know it today hardly existed. Former All-Ireland hurler, Jim Devitt, had a dismissive attitude to the whole idea of coaching. You either had it or you hadn’t it summed up his attitude. All the coaching under the sun wouldn’t help much if you didn’t have the ability. And, if you had the latter it came instinctively to you. We might not all agree with that attitude.

The first approach to scientific training in the G.A.A. didn’t come about until the sixties with the advent of the Gormanstown College coaching school. In today’s terms it was far from scientific. These sessions were gatherings of interested people, who were enthusiastic about the games of hurling and football and were prepared to share knowledge and learn from and with each other. Their approach was more intuitive than scientifically based and the emphasis was on what are called the three T’s, the technical, the tactical and team play. The emphasis was on developing hurling and football skills, discussing playing tactics and emphasising team play. There was little or no reference to physical preparation. This school of thought, if one might call it that continued into the seventies.

However, a change was taking place towards the end of the sixties with the arrival of the physical education graduates. Initially they came from Strawberry Hill and from Thomond College in the early seventies. As a result of their involvement with teams there was a greater consciousness of the whole physical education business. They tended to emphasise the area of physical preparation and they brought to training the three P’s, the physical, the psychological and performance analysis. For them a major emphasis in the preparation of a team had to be the honing up of the body to new levels of physical and psychological preparedness. In fact this school went a bit overboard on the physical side to the detriment of skill learning.

This emphasis on the physical side was also influenced by the change in society from an agrarian to a service society. Before then the severe physical work, which was the lot of the majority of the population, gradually game way to different kind where the majority were in more sedentary jobs.

In the past number of years there has been a gradual swing away from this emphasis on the physical and a return to the basics of the technical, the tactical and the emphasis on team play. To a certain extent the wheel has come full circle. The perceived wisdom today is that 80% of the work of training and coaching should be done with the ball. Training with the ball should supply most of the physical preparation necessary. It is interesting how closely this concurs with what Jimmy Maddin was doing with us in Flannan’s in the early fifties.

Clare are an exception to this trend. During his term as manager, Ger Loughnane strove to have his players reach new heights in physical fitness, driving them up mountains at dawn, reminiscent of Fionn McCool driving his female suitors up Slievenamon in order to pick the fastest. But, I think he may have found out that there’s more to hurling than physical preparation. His team were a tired team of players against us in this year’s Munster championship.

Something else is relevant here. During the fifties and sixties there were few juvenile competitions either at county or school level. Since then there has been a proliferation of games. Some people are concerned that boys are being asked to perform before they learn how to play. In the fifties there was one juvenile competition for the rural area and one for the urban area, plus one for both. At secondary school level there was a junior and senior competition. The county competitions were for under-15 and it was the only one until minor level. The emphasis was on learning to play with the opportunity to perform not coming until the boy was a mature fourteen or fifteen. And there was only one competition, no A’s or B’s or C’s so, if you didn’t make the first panel you had to keep practising without competition. The boy got plenty of opportunity to learn how to play.

The thinking today has gone right back with the belief that children should be kept away from competition until they have learned how to play. There should be no competitions for the under twelves rather practice sessions where the skills can be learned. The intention behind coaching should be on the technical and the tactical. Then, as the child reaches his mid-teens emphasis is put on team play and a gradual introduction into competition.

The major problem over the past few decades is the growing number of juvenile competitions. There is no recognition that the pot is full. All the emphasis has been on expansion and there has been no recognition that the pot can only take so much. There are arguments in favour of every competition and all mentors believe their competition is vital and unique and cannot be discarded. What is really necessary today is contraction, a reduction in the number of competitions for young people.

I suppose one area where the G.A.A. is very different to-day to what it was in the fifties is in the role of managers. Up to comparatively recently, every team, at all levels of the Association, had only a trainer. In many cases the trainer’s role was confined to the physical preparation of teams. Very often he had no say in the selection of a team, which was normally undertaken by a separate selection committee.

It is impossible to ascertain the defining moment when the role of the manager, as we now know it, came into being. Possibly in terms of a person with sole responsibility for a team’s training and managing, the provincial colleges championships produced the first supremos in hurling and football. In senior inter-county football most observers feel that the appointments of Kevin Heffernan in 1973 and Mick O’Dwyer in 1975 heralded and popularised the position of manager.

There were characters in the past who had the semblance of managers. One thinks of Jim Barry of Cork, Paddy Leahy of Tipperary. But they differed from today’s. In the first place they lacked the cult status enjoyed by the modern manager. Neither did they enjoy the almost totalitarian control the modern manager enjoys. They weren’t pampered and portrayed and pursued by the media in the way present managers are. They did the basic physical preparation with the team and gave advice. Their tactics were simple. The speech before the match was very often given by the county chairman.

The modern manager was an inevitable development, part of the general concentration of team control under one person in other sports. It coincided with a more professional approach to team preparation and it coincided with the greater emphasis on the physical preparation of teams. If we take Babs as the example of the first modern manager of the Tipperary team it is well to recall that a very important member of that team was the hammer thrower and P.E. teacher, Phil Conway, who was the first man to bring a professional approach to the physical preparation of a Tipperary team. It is also significant that he was dropped when Babs came to the conclusion that the team hadn’t been as physically prepared as he wanted.

Babs brought in ideas and concepts from business into the management of teams. One of the important principles in business is the delegation of authority by drafting in specialists in different areas. The handing over of the physical preparation to a different person would be part of that development. The development of a supporters club to generate more funds was another part. On the other hand when one of the management team fails to deliver the goods to the manager’s satisfaction, he is replaced by another. In contrast Loughnane would be in the mould of the old time manager, keeping everything under his control

Managers created problems initially and controlling them was a problem but matters have been sorted out now, in most cases. It could be said they have been good for the game. Apart from their more professional approach to team preparation, they have also increased the profile of the game. Managers express opinions and are the media’s delight. In many incidences their opinions are controversial and invoke responses from other managers or from G.A.A. officials.

They are also catalysts for change. They are promoters of the game, constantly striving to improve their teams’ performances and success. Because of their close focus on the game and the success of their teams they are the source of new ideas and new ways of thinking. Because of their access to the media their ideas are publicised and given a prominence sometimes beyond their intrinsic value. Not only are they listened to by the media, they are also influential in changing the ideas of supporters and members of the Association. Perhaps one way to describe their position is to see them as the radical wing of the Association, advocating change and an important balance to the conservatism and adversity to change which is endemic in the Association.

There is a downside to the existence of managers. They tend to put pressure on the tension balance within counties. Managers are concerned with their team’s success above all else. To achieve this they want to have their complete panel fit and well for all matches. They see all kinds of dangers to their players playing club games. Their attitude is that their plans and their players must be given priority before anything else in the county. This leads to tension between manager and officials and between clubs and manager.

Ultimately managers are driving our games in the direction of professionalism. The preparation demanded is well-nigh professional. The demands on the players are of professional standard. The level of fitness demanded and the emphasis on lifestyle is a major encroachment on the freedom of the individual. It may not be far down the road when the players begin demanding compensation for this kind of effort. If the manager is a well-paid individual preparing them why should they not be paid for delivering almost professional performances?

One of the most dramatic changes in the G.A.A. since the fifties is the commercialisation of the Association. It is a creeping phenomenon. Let’s cast our minds back to the un-commercial reality of life in the fifties. At that stage we didn’t have ads as such on Radio Eireann. We did have sponsored programs. This program is brought to you with the compliments of the Irish Hospital Sweepstakes. But, there was no invidious invasion of our minds at every moment of the day and even during newstime. Probably the only programs left free today are religious services on a Sunday morning. And, we didn’t have television, which is driven by advertising, back then. The idea of having advertising hoardings in our stadia or logos on jerseys wasn’t even a distant thought.

Commercialisation of the Association is a relatively new phenomenon. It could be said to have begun in the centenary year of the G.A.A. Do you remember the open draw senior hurling championship sponsored by Ford. It ran for two years, was won by Cork the first year and by Tipperary in the second year. The trophy is presently in Lar na Pairce.

Even before 1984 the G.A.A. had used sponsorship in the funding of the Ceannaras block. Roughly one-sixth of the cost, £250,000, came from sponsors, most of it raised by Sean O Siochain, the former Director-General, who had retired in 1979. Also, prior to 1984 individual clubs had started along the sponsorship trail, especially in Dublin. I’m not sure of the extent of this development or what kind of sanction it received either from county boards or headquarters, but it was a reality. Perhaps it could be said that Croke Park, by virtue of accepting sponsorship for the Centenary Cup, was giving sanction to something which was already a fact of life among a growing number of clubs.

Since then the whole area of sponsorship has snow-balled. The extent to which commercial interests were prepared to come forward with financial sponsorship convinced the Association of the need to exploit this new source of funding for its activities. Early opposition within the Association to both the principle and extent of sponsorship was overcome, but a special Work Group and the central council kept both the concept and operation of sponsorship under constant review. A central council decision in early 1986 not to accept advertisements or sponsorship from alcoholic drinks firms was later reversed by congress.

Detailed guidelines on sponsorship were drawn up by the Work Group and approved by the central council, and then circulated to all units of the Association. These laid down the conditions under which sponsorship was acceptable, and a control system was then put in place. According to Marcus de Burca, the G.A.A. historian, the Association, ‘while understandably giving preference to Irish industry, has been prepared to avail itself of any assistance offered by commercial interests in order to promote the Asociations activities.’ Fears expressed in the 1970’s by opponents of sponsorship about the danger of firms intruding into the running of the Association have proved to be groundless. Also, the amateur status of the players, while under threat, has been guarded and a special delegate congress devoted to the topic was held in November 1997.

The sponsorship of jerseys, for which definite guidelines were laid down by the Work Group, became universal in 1990. This area of commercial activity has become increasingly important to sponsors in the late nineties with the increased televising of our games. The sponsor can now expect to get massive exposure if the team sponsored is successful in the championship. Not only is the logo exposed to millions of viewers during the actual televised match, but gets renewed exposure in reports of games, discussions and previews. With close-ups of players in matches the logo of the sponsor gets almost as much exposure as the face of the player.

This sponsorship of jerseys, while it is of vital importance to counties as a new source of finance in the preparation of teams, has become of even greater importance to clubs. It is a vital source of club finances. There has been no shortage of businesses and firms coming forward with such sponsorship. In small towns and villages pubs are to the fore with this sponsorship. I was in Luxembourg in 1997 on the Sunday before Patrick’s Day and went to a football match. One of the teams carried the name ‘The Black Stuff’ on the jerseys. It was the name of a famous Irish pub in the town and the place to which we all adjourned after the game. It is conceivable that clubs were recognising this fact when they influenced congress to reverse a central council decision in 1986 to ban sponsorship from alcoholic firms.

The next development was the sponsorship of competitions, which came about as the nineties progressed. The high profile sponsorship of the hurling championship by Guinness and the football championship by Bank of Ireland tends to dwarf the extent that sponsorship has permeated all units of the Association. Every single one of the sixteen championships in the west division has a sponsor now and it is not unique. It is a fact of life and difficult to imagine how boards could survive without it.

And, what will the next development be? There seems to be only one direction and that is the sponsorship of stadia. We already have an example in soccer with Eircom Park around the corner. The latest news is that the development may be under threat. What are the chances that this will happen in the G.A.A. I believe there is a very good chance. Commercial reality will drive it and neither sentiment nor ideology will prevent it. I believe it may be the reason why the new stands in Croke Park haven’t been named yet. We are concerned in Tipperary that the name of Michael Hogan may be discarded from the new structure and most of us will be mightily upset if this were to come about. Seamus Leahy suggested in an interview recently that in that event we should take to the streets. And, maybe we will. But, I believe we may be banging our heads against a commercial wall. If a sponsor comes along with five million or more to get his name on the new stand, I find it difficult to imagine how Michael Hogan can survive.

For most people the hurley stick has remained a constant during all these years. But such is not the opinion of Justin McCarthy of Cork. Some of you may be aware of Justin, a man who lives, thinks and sleeps hurling. He has an exciting history having played minor, under-21 and senior hurling for Cork, winning an All-Ireland in 1966. His hurling life was severely curtailed by a broken leg but he came back from that to play in later All-Irelands. He became the coach of the Cork senior team and coached them to the 1984 All-Ireland. He broke the mould in hurling circles by going to Clare for four years to train their senior team and later to Antrim. He came to the Cashel King Cormac’s for seven years around 1990 and helped the club to their first senior county final. His interest in coaching first manifested itself in the Gormanstown coaching sessions in the early sixties. He’s been writing a column on hurling in the Examiner since 1992.

One of his great interests is hurleys and adapting them to the needs of individuals. He believes a hurley is a very personal thing and should be selected with the same care and attention as a golfer selects his club or a tennis player his racket. According to him this is a relatively recent phenomenon. He holds that Tipperary and Kilkenny were the first counties to recognise that all players couldn’t play with the same hurley. He recalls Jerry Doyle kneeling with a line of hurleys on the sideline, each of them identified with the name of a player. Many of these hurleys would have been worked on to suit individual needs.

The average player in the fifties played with a basic hurley, made by a hurley maker and identified by nothing else but the length. It was a primitive stick with general characteristics but hardly any effort was made to individualise it to the needs of a particular player. Most of you remember the hurley carrier then with his bundle of hurleys and if a player broke one on the field he came to the sideline and tested a couple before deciding the one which suited him.

Justin claims he was the first player in Cork to put his name on a hurley to identify it as his, suitable to his physical characteristics and his special needs. He would work on a hurley, reducing its weight by shaving it or adding to its weight by putting bands on it, sometimes half bands. He would finish off the stick with tape and a proper grip. There has been an evolution in the tape used, from tar tape to cloth tape to rubber tape. All the work on the hurley was done to give it better balance to make it a finer striking instrument.

So the modern hurley is a much different instrument to the one used in the fifties, which was, in contrast, a rather basic instrument. The modern stick is more balanced and more compact. It is better formed and it is shaped and added to to suit the individual requirements of the hurler. Even its shape has changed slightly with a projection like a heel on the boss, rather than the rounded curve of the earlier sticks.

Another area of change and development is in the area of communications. The fifties are synonymous with the radio and the unforgettable voice of Micheal O Hehir.

He brought the games to a wider audience and infiltrated parts of the country where Gaelic games were of little importance. Many of you recall a visit to the seaside during the summer and the voice of Michael O Hehir from car radios drowning out other sounds as men and women listened close by while their children played in the sands or dipped in the water. The voice of the broadcaster made games from other provinces exciting and breathtaking. He made strange places known and brought new names of players to the fore. I had such pride in Lorrha when I heard Tony Reddin’s name called in the team’s lineout. Even today you meet people for the first time and, if they are of a particular vintage, they will say ‘Tony Reddin’s country’ when you mention Lorrha. The same is true of so many other names and places.

The newspapers gave extensive coverage during the fifties and this coverage of G.A.A. matters didn’t have to compete with so many other sports for column space as they do today. That decade saw the arrival of the great G.A.A. correspondents like John D. Hickey, Mick Dunne and Raymond Smith, with their detailed match reports and their striving after effect through a blaze of adjectives and mixed metaphors. Outside of the newspapers Carbery’s Annual and Raymond Smith’s many publications on hurling and football were a few of the publications available. Others came and went with very few lasting the pace. I believe that the G.A.A. person, traditionally, didn’t buy much in the line of magazines or books on G.A.A. matters. He was content with the radio broadcast, the Monday Press or Independent or Examiner to fill out the picture, and the local weekly if the county or club team were playing.

There is a very definite expansion in coverage today. This can be seen in many areas. The most obvious one is television. It took us a long time in the G.A.A. to learn the value of television exposure. For many years television exposure appeared as a threat rather than a help to our games. Fortunately, matters have changed. Most people now accept that exposure is a marvellous thing and it does not keep people away from games. Take last Sunday for instance. The Munster final was on television yet 54,670 people packed into Semple Stadium. An estimated another five thousand came to Thurles without tickets and watched it in the local pubs. They mightn’t be able to get to the game but they wanted to be as close as possible to the action.

Television is doing one other thing: it is making the game more widely known and appreciated. The medium is wonderful is revealing the skills and the intricacies of the game. It shows the courage and determination of the players. It has also helped to clean up the game because it exposes mercilessly foul strokes and nasty incidents. I believe the player is protected doubly when the match is televised. It’s the referee’s job to protect the players in normal circumstances, and to ensure that the rules of the game are observed. But the player now has the additional protection of knowing that if the referee lets go an incident which should have been punished, the GAC may use the video evidence to expose and punish the culprit.

If I have a complaint it is that RTE don’t do justice to the games. I had a discussion recently with Michael O’Carroll, a Dunkerrin man who has been a producer/director on RTE sport for thirty years. I made the point that RTE didn’t use enough cameras to do justice to the game of hurling. He disagreed with my opinion. For instance they used eight cameras in Thurles last Sunday. I know that Wembley Stadium were using a minimum of twelve cameras back in 1971. I don’t know how many they use to cover games today. If you watched the Euro 2000 games you will recall how every shot at goal had three replay angles to show the shot from different angles. I know it costs money but the day may come when some of the bigger TV companies may make an offer to the G.A.A. that they may not be able to refuse. Just imagine what eighteen cameras could have done for the Munster final last Sunday. Just imagine how well and from how many angles it could have shown up the Paul Shelley incident! I don’t have to go on.

Newspaper coverage has improved with a great emphasis on action photographs, colour and more analysis of the game. The sports supplement is a common feature. There is a big increase in individual profiles. These have put increased pressure on players as their exploits are reported in a dramatic manner and many are given star status. Sometimes this praise of the individual and his elevation to an heroic plane puts such pressure on the player that he seldom delivers in his next game.

Match programs have been improved beyond all recognition. Last Summer I was given a copy of the program for the 1932 All-Ireland between Kilkenny and Clare. It was a four page spread and a far cry from the A-4 size books you get at today’s All-Ireland. There is a disadvantage in the growth in size as it’s too big to fold and put in your pocket. Last Sunday’s match program contained 56 pages and was a bumper edition and a tribute to John McCormack, the editor, who received a McNamee Award for his production of last year’s county final program. People expect this service today. We are all aware how they kick up if there’s not a team sheet available at a game.

Another welcome development since the fifties is the publication of Yearbooks in many counties. They are not available in every county nor are they regularly produced. Tipperary has done well in this area. First produced in 1970 the Tipperary Yearbook has never failed to appear. The current edition is much improved on the first one to be produced and it is difficult to imagine it not coming out in the year. It is an essential record of the year in the county and will provide an invaluable service to club and county history writers in the future. Not only is it a written record of what happened, it is also an outstanding visual record of the year’s events. One year I counted 400 pictures in the Yearbook.

Since 1984 many club histories were produced. This development was a new phenomenon. Prior to that year I can recall only three attempts at recording club activities. Philip Ryan produced ‘Tubberadora’s Hurling Story’ in 1973, Seamus O Riain brought out ‘The Moneygall Hurling Story’ in 1975 and Bill O’Brien brought out some memories of Sean Treacy’s in 1978. George Cunningham and Tom McCarthy produced the Roscrea Hurling Club in 1980. Since 1984 close on thirty club histories have appeared and many more are in the pipe line.

In the area of general publications there were very few available in the fifties. Tom Kenny brought out Tour of the Tipperary Hurling Team in America 1926 in 1928, Fr. Meagher’s speeches to a dozen County Tipperary conventions were published a decade later. Tommy Doyle’s, My Lifetime in Hurling, was published in 1955. Canon Fogarty’s, Tipperary’s G.A.A. Story, appeared in 1960 and Tony Wall’s book on hurling came out in 1965. In contrast to this small number of books what a proliferation of publications in the past few years.

On of the memories of the fifties that seems like some vestigial remains from a darker age is the ban, a rule in the G.A.A. which banned attendances at foreign games and disallowed foreign dances at G.A.A. events. Vigilantes moved around to ensure no body attended foreign games. Those who were discovered were given bans and penalties. Some of you may be aware that Mick Mackey, a Limerick man and an inveterate supporter of Limerick rugby, had to be protected from the ban. Otherwise Limerick might have found themselves without his services. They came up with an Irish solution to an Irish problem: they made him a vigilante so he had to attend the foreign games in an official capacity. I doubt if he ever reported anyone for attending foreign games.

Of course the whole Cooney affair in 1938 originated with Jimmy Cooney’s attendance at an international rugby match at Lansdowne Road in February of that year. Cooney was banned for attendance and then was unable to declare for Tipp as he was a banned person. We won’t bother discussing the folly of the selectors in picking him when his eligibility to play was in doubt.

Since 1971 all of this climate has changed. The ban was eventually abolished at Congress that year. People of the post-1971 generation express disbelief at the kind of climate of opinion which supported the ban. They aren’t interested in the historical reasons for the ban. G.A.A. players today move easily between the codes and form the backbone of soccer and rugby teams, especially in rural areas. As well, coaches move easily and freely between Gaelic and soccer and rugby.

One thought strikes me about the ban. If it were still in existence today, and that, of course, is inconceivable, it is more than likely there would be high court cases against it. One can imagine members of G.A.A. clubs taking court action against the ban as an infringement on human liberties and an interference with a person’s right to choose the games he wishes, or the dances he wishes to dance.

The referees of the fifties were a more leisurely crowd. There was less pressure as they were under little scrutiny. The rules were simpler as the game was less technical.

Referees played a less prominent roll. I recall only one controversy from the period. The 1947 All-Ireland semi-final between Kilkenny and Galway was played at Birr before thirty thousand people. Martin Costello of Terryglass was the referee and there was controversy as he was alleged to have favoured Kilkenny on the occasion.

I seem to remember that prominent G.A.A. officials were chosen to officiate on occasions. The job of refereeing wasn’t as specialist as it is today. There was no standard dress or uniform. There were no courses to take and there were no assessments like there are today.

The contrast today is striking. Referees are certainly fitter and are expected to keep in shape. They are more aware of the rules and the game has become extremely technical. The official guide for 1943 is a one-volume book with nine and a half pages on hurling rules. The 1995 guide is a two-volume work with twenty-one pages on hurling rules. Today’s referee is seriously assessed and may be under pressure because he is being watched. In fact his performance has become a bit boxed in as he is constrained from giving expression to his personality.

He has much greater authority on the field and is very conscious of using his umpires and linesmen. He has a much higher profile and because of that is mercilessly scrutinised by the media, especially television. He has a difficult task as hurling has become a running game and it is very difficult to watch the extra steps players take to get away from their markers. Then the game is so fast, decisions have to be split second.

I suppose the biggest change that has taken place since the fifties is the dress code, which has become very strict. Black and green has become the standard. Back in the early fifties referees officiated in their county colours. When John Moloney began in 1956 white was very much in and he remembers it as a very effective dress. For the 1973 All-Ireland John wore black with white collar and white togs. Some of you remember Mick Slattery with this outfit for the Munster final between Limerick and Tipperary at Thurles that summer. Essentially referees were left to their own devices as regards dress. In the late seventies the authorities began to provide referees with gear. Then in the early eighties the black and green, which is standard today, came in and it was definitely established by 1984.

I haven’t spoken about the rule changes which have taken place and I don’t intend to exhaust the subject. Looking back to the fifties we all remember the third man tackle. You were quite entitled to jostle a man to keep him away from a team mate on the ball. Or you could shoulder an incoming forward to protect your goalkeeper. On the other hand you could bundle a player, including the goalkeeper, into the net and how often do we remember such a happening described vividly be Michael O Hehir. There’s a story told of the 1915 junior All-Ireland between Tipperary and Offaly at Athlone. Towards the end of the game Offaly were attacking strongly and backs and forwards were bundled into the Tipperary net. Felix Cronin of Lorrha, who was playing full-back for Tipperary, is reputed to have found the ball under him and threw it out wide. When the referee untangled the mess no ball was found so no goal was given and Felix became the first Lorrha man to win an All-Ireland medal. He was later to marry Kitty Kiernan. The third man tackle was eventually banned in 1975.

There was an experiment with the ‘hooter’ system, which timed games independent of referees, between 1950-52. Called the Bogue clock it wasn’t satisfactory and, after a period of experimentation, referees continued to be the sole authority on the length of games The Bogue clock remains in use in Gaelic Park, New York.

The no-stoppage rule was introduced in 1955. We recall the use of the well-timed stoppage in a game. Matters are going badly for a team so a few of their players go down ‘injured’. The intention is to put the other side out of their stride by breaking their momentum. Or one side is very tired and wants a break from the game. So, a player goes down injured. I think Cork were always very good with this tactic!

Then you remember the backs go back but the forwards remained for the throw-in, so there was quite a crowd present around the referee for the start of the game. And the game used to be started by the Archbishop of Cashel. I have been trying to find out when this practice stopped. It appears to have been the mid-seventies. John Moloney recalls the Archbishop throwing in the ball in the 1974 All-Ireland. He also refereed the 1975 Munster football final and Bishop Casey threw in the ball. John recalls the Bishop saying to him ‘If I throw it to a Kerry man, is it a foul?’ followed by a loud guffaw. Am I right in remembering the Bishop or Archbishop in danger as he scurried back to the safety of the stand? And, wasn’t there a time when there was a mock throw-in and then the real one after the Archbishop was back in his seat?

And talking of the Archbishop and the throw-in I believe the singing of Faith of our Fathers before the national anthem went sometime earlier, about the mid-sixties. I always thought people sang it with more fervour and gusto than the national anthem. Nobody has been able to tell me why it went. Perhaps there was an ecumenical reason. Maybe it had to do with the new political developments between the Republic and Northern Ireland in the mid-sixties. There is also a suggestion that the powers that be woke up to the fact that the hymn was of Protestant extraction, with an English rather than an Irish origin.

Whatever about Faith of our Fathers, Dr. Morris was upset about doing away with his right to throw-in. His upset was due to the failure of Croke Park properly to inform him they were intending to do so. As far as I understand it was sprung on him and he complained to Seamus O Riain about the treatment of him. The throw-in was confined to the four mid-fielders in 1965.

There were many other changes over the past fifty years. The game went from sixty to eighty minutes in 1970 and settled at seventy in 1975. The linesman was required to place the ball for a line ball in 1965 and twenty years later players were given the right. The change over to metre measurements came in 1978 but I still think in seventies and 21’s. In the mid-eighties the goalie had to have a distinctive jersey and his hurley could not be wider than 13 centimetres. And there were many more.

So, what of the future? I don’t claim to be a prophet but there are a few changes I can see down the road. There was an experiment some years back with thirteen aside. I can see that coming back in the future. It would make hurling a still faster and more exciting game. It would change the nature of back and forward play. It would also help many clubs and counties, who have difficulty in getting sufficient players to make up teams.

It takes seven officials to officiate at a G.A.A. game. It is much too many. It is also quite difficult to find so many for lesser games. I can see the G.A.A. experimenting with just three, the referee and two linesmen as you have in soccer and rugby. There would be no problem with goals as they end up in the net. I believe the referee is best placed to decide if it’s a point. Or, modern technology should be able to come up with a solution. So, I wouldn’t see any great problem with making umpires redundant and bringing the linesmen even more into play.

Finally, I won’t be surprised if the game ends up professional. There is tremendous pressure in that direction. Playing at inter-county level has become an almost full-time job. Full-time work demands to be paid. I envisage, in hurling at any rate, a development in which there would be eight to twelve professional hurling teams playing for All-Ireland honours and with the best of amateurs, playing for clubs, striving to get into the paid ranks. I’m not making any value judgment on whether this would be a good thing or a bad thing. It would be a sea change from all we have been used to and from everything the Association has stood for since its foundation.

<span class="postTitle">Gaelic Athletic Association</span> Millennium Souvenir Clár, Ballygalget C.L.G., AGM, December 28. 1999

Gaelic Athletic Association

Millennium Souvenir Clár, Ballygalget C.L.G., AGM, December 28. 1999

Organised sport played a very small role in the lives of Irish people in the mid-19th century. There was little time for leisure, especially in rural Ireland, since farm labourers worked a twelve-hour day and a seven-day week. Small tenant farmers were tied to their plots of land and whatever time they took off was referred to as their 'idle hours'. Michae1 Cusack, one of the founders of the G.A.A., noted how 'the Irish peasant too often wasted his evenings and holidays in smoking and card-playing.' Archbishop Croke also commented on this rural stagnation. And, of course, there was always a chance or excuse for drinking, with innumerable shebeens or unlicensed premises, where whiskey and poteen were consumed in large quantities.


Such sporting competitions as existed, especially in the athletic field, were strictly for gentlemen. There was a very noticeable class barrier, which excluded working-class people from taking part. It was presumed that only gentlemen could 'play the game', keep the rules and maintain a standard of propriety and fairness. According to the strict rules of amateur sport, an amateur was defined as 'any person who does not enter into open competition for either a stake, public money or admission money, nor is a mechanic, artisan or labourer.' Representing their county in sport was limited to the upper and middle classes. The G.A.A. hoped to undermine this existing class distinction in sport.


Another matter which called for change and reform were the ready-made and haphazard rules which governed Irish rural sports. Local custom often dictated the number of players on the field, the kind of ball used, etc. This divergence, if not disagreement, as regards rules and regulations, extended even to the broader, national level. It was not only in athletics, but also in the so-called Gaelic games, (hurling, football, handball, etc.) that trouble existed. It was said that some hurling matches were more in the spirit of 'faction fights' than sporting events. Referees had no whistles to control the game, and' usually took their position on horseback along the sideline, interfering only in very urgent and necessary cases by riding among the players and separating them. Such refinements as measured goalposts, time-keeping, size of ball or stick did not enter into consideration before the 1880s.


The first printed rules for hurling were drawn up by Pat Larkin of Kiltormer in 1869 for the guidance of the Killimor hurlers. These became known as the Killimor rules. A year later the laws of hurling, as played by the students of Trinity College, Dublin, were published. In October 1877, Maurice Davin, one of the future founders of the G.A.A., stated publicly: 'We are very much in the want of some governing body for the management of athletics in this country.' Davin, whose family owned a large farm and a flourishing business in Carrick-on-Suir, was an athlete with both a national and an international reputation. He knew that Irishmen could be as good as others on the sports field. He resented the fact that the Irish had no national athletics body to control Irish sport. The only organisation was the Amateur Athletic Association of Ireland, which was nothing more than an offshoot of the English Amateur Athletic Association. Davin wasn't the only Irish sportsman who was thinking along these lines.

 

Michael Cusack

One of the men most closely identified with the foundation of the G.A.A. was Michael Cusack. Born in 1847 in the Burren region of Co. Clare, Cusack became a national teacher and, after some years teaching in Blackrock College, set up his own Civil Service Academy where he offered grinds to students who wished to sit for the Irish and British civil service examinations. At the same time Cusack, a native speaker of Irish, encouraged his pupils to study the Irish language and to take part in Irish games. He was himself an accomplished all-round sportsman, playing hurling, football, handball and cricket, as well as competing in athletics.

Having retired from active participation in athletics he found himself called upon to help organise sports meetings in Dublin. The existing bodies, the Dublin Amateur Athletic Club and the Irish Champion Athletic Club, were too elitist and Unionist in outlook. During this time Cusack made the acquaintance of P. W. Nally, who was born in Balla, Co. Mayo in 1857. An all-round athlete, at one meeting in June 1876, he came first or second in sixteen out of eighteen events. A leading organiser in the Irish Republican Brotherhood, he was elected to the Supreme Council of the organisation in 1880. He also took a keen interest in the Land Question. He was a man of many talents and interests, combining three different elements, extreme republicanism, anti-landlordism and enthusiasm for sport.

The Gaelic Athletic Association was the brainchild of Cusack and Nally. They met for the first time in July 1879. Cusack later recalled the meeting in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, where there was 'no more than a score of people in the vast expanse of public ground. ' Both men were struck 'by the dreariness and desolation of the scene and agreed that an effort should be made to preserve the physical strength of the Irish race.' During the next three years they organised national athletic meetings. Because of his arrest and imprisonment for Fenian activities in 1881, Nally dropped out of public view and wasn't present at the memorable meeting which launched the G.A.A. in 1884.

 

Foundation Meeting

The Gaelic Athletic Association was officially' founded on November 1, 1884 in Hayes's Hotel, Thurles. It might .have been founded at Loughrea where there was a strong hurling tradition in south-east Galway and where the first set of rules had been written down in 1869. Cusack approached the bishop of Clonfert, Dr. Duggan, about becoming the patron of the new body but, because of his age, declined to act and advised Cusack to ask Dr. Croke, Archbishop of Cashel, 'a fine Gael, young, vigorous and energetic.'

Although Cusack sent out many invitations to the foundation meeting in Hayes' s Hotel, Thurles in November 1884, only seven attended. They were Michael Cusack, Maurice Davin, John Wyse Power, John McKay, John K. Bracken, Thomas St. George McCarthy, Patrick J. O'Ryan. Davin took the chair and in a short speech outlined what he considered to be the essential objects of the proposed association. Davin was elected chairman. Cusack, McKay and Power were elected secretaries. The new association was named 'The Gaelic Athletic Association for the Preservation and Cultivation of National Pastimes.' It was agreed to invite Charles Stewart Parnell, Archbishop Croke of Cashel and Michael Davitt to become patrons of the new association. The new officers were requested to draw up rules.

The choice of Croke, Davitt and Pamell as patrons represented recognition of the major forces in the Irish nationalist movement of the day, and they all willingly accepted. In the course of his reply Dr. Croke accepted 'with the utmost pleasure.' In his letter, which was to become the unofficial charter of the association, he said: 'One of the most painful, let me assure you and, at the same time, one of the most frequently recurring reflections that, as an Irishman, I am compelled to make in connection with the present aspect of things in this country, is derived from the ugly and irritating fact, that we are daily importing from England, not only her manufactured goods, which we cannot help doing, since she has practically strangled our own manufacturing appliances but, together with her fashions, her accents, her vicious literature, her music, her dances, and her manifold mannerisms, her games also and her pastimes, to the utter discredit of our own grand national sports and to the sore humiliation, as I believe, of every genuine son and daughter of the old land. '

From this inauspicious beginning 'the association swept the country like a prairie fire.' Few movements in modem Ireland have taken root so rapidly and so firmly as the G.A.A. Inside a few months the nationalist community, almost everywhere, had answered the call that went out from the first few meetings of the new body.

 

Irish Culture

The aim if the Gaelic Athletic Association was to put Irish people in control of athletics and to promote the games of hurling, football, handball and, later camogie. But it was more than that. It was also a cultural force promoting the Irish language, encouraging Irish dancing and other aspects of Irish culture. It sought to make Irish men and women aware of their distinctiveness as a people and a nation, and this led, in time, to a desire for separation from the rest of Great Britain.
Although the G.A.A. was in no way connected with politics, very soon it came under the influence of the IRB. Many of its founders were members of the Fenian Brotherhood and, in fact, looked upon the G.A.A. as a recruiting ground for their organisation. Of its very nature the G.A.A. was a separatist movement and thus it had a special appeal for the IRB. Even Cusack had to admit that 'every social movement in Ireland is to a certain extent necessarily political.' And, whether he liked it or not, the association had set the nation 'on the march'. Indeed the G.A.A. seemed to act as a kind of 'national service' for young Irishmen who could be trained, kept fit and ready for the day of reckoning. In these early days, before a match, all the teams marched round the field, with hurleys on the shoulders in army fashion. The IRB made one famous bid to control the G.A.A., at the Thurles convention of November 9, 1887, when Maurice Davin was ousted from the presidency by an IRB candidate, E., M. Bennett. However, it was only a temporary setback and in January 1888 the IRB men were forced to retire, and Davin was reinstated as president. However, the G.A.A. maintained its nationalist outlook and stance, and some 2,000 G.A.A. men formed a guard of honour at the funeral of Pamell, carrying hurley sticks draped in black

For the first few years of its life the G.A.A. was much more concerned with athletics than with hurling and football. To Cusack the need for nationalists to control Irish athletics and the desire to open athletics to every social class were more important than the revival of hurling and Irish football. Until 1887 hurling and football games were usually subsidiary events at athletic meetings. The rules of hurling and football were adopted early in 1885. An important decision taken was that of the parish rule, the principle of one club for each parish. Goals were the only scores allowed in the early days. Later the point was to be introduced for a ball going over the crossbar. There was such a thing as a forfeit point, which was given if the defender carried the ball over his goal line. If the same defender put the ball over his own crossbar, three forfeit points were awarded to his opponents. The forfeit point was to disappear in the 1886 convention, after which the side points made their appearance for the first time. Wrestling was to be permitted until 1886. Two players came into collision and at once got into handigrips. Only one fall was allowed. If the players attempted a second on the same occasion, the referee intervened. The number of players was twenty-one aside until 1892. During the early years the goal had no equivalent in points. After some years five points, and later three points, were declared equal to a goal. Play was limited to one hour after 1886. In the same year games between clubs of different counties began to grow in importance and the first All-Ireland hurling and football competitions began in 1887. After that these two games grew in importance and gradually surpassed athletics in popularity and scale in the association. In 1922 the athletics side of the association's activities was hived off to a new organisation, the National Athletic and Cycling Association.

The association spread 'like a prairie fire', to use the words of Cusack. The early decades were used to spread the game into every county. About the turn of the century the provincial councils were set up and gradually the format of provincial champions contesting the All-Ireland championships evolved. Football became the more important game, becoming a force in virtually every county. In contrast hurling was more confined, being strongest in the south-east and hardly spreading north of a line from Dublin to Galway, with the exception of the Glens of Antrim and the Ards Peninsula.

 

Non-Political

Although the association cherished its non-political character, it was always a very strong force for nationalism. It was through the G.A.A. that Michael Collins was introduced to the national movement. He joined the Geraldine Hurling and Football club in London, and soon became secretary. It was through the endorcement of the 'ban' - the G.A.A. prohibition on foreign games - that Collins first gained real notice in Irish national circles in London. His war cry was 'No soccer for Gaels'. His appeal resulted in the break up of many clubs affiliated to the London board of the G.A.A. The Geraldines remained loyal and Collins soon, found himself treasurer of the board. The I.RB. weren't long in sensing the value of Collins to their organisation and he was initiated into the Brotherhood in November 1909. By 1914 he had become treasurer of the movement for the entire south of England.

General Eoin O'Duffy, a former secretary of the Ulster G.A.A. Council was introduced into the Irish Volunteers by Collins. According to O'Duffy, the first question Collins addressed him was about the strength of the G.A.A. in Monaghan. He sought O'Duffy's help in recruiting Volunteers from the clubs. O'Duffy continues: 'The upshot was that I went back to Monaghan a Volunteer and within a short time had recruited virtually every able-bodied member or supporter of the G.A.A. into Volunteer activities.' Similar things happened all over Ireland. Collins enrolled G.A.A. officials for his army of freedom, and in turn they enrolled all who came within their area of influence - parish, county and province.' The strength of the G.A.A. as a nationalist force was recognised when the British authorities in Ireland banned the games and harassed the members of the association during the War of Independence. When the unfortunate Civil War followed the G.A.A. were again to the fore trying to keep people united and seeking to restore harmony where division existed.

 

Growth & Expansion

The games expanded at a great rate during the late twenties. Marathon hurling matches contributed to this growing popularity. Tipperary and Cork played three games in 1926 before a decision was reached. Even more dramatic was the three-match All-Ireland between Cork and Kilkenny in 1931. These games gripped the imagination of the public and lifted the G.A.A. into the foremost sporting organisation in the country. The advent of the Irish Press in 1932 brought expanded coverage of the games and led to the cult of the personality. Players like Lory Meagher in Kilkenny, Mick Mackey in Limerick and Christy Ring in Cork became folk heroes and pin up stars ahead of their time. There were football heroes as well. The arrival of Michael O'Hehir in 1938 brought a new dimension to the expansion of public interest. O'Hehir, in his inimitable style, brought the games, Sunday after Sunday, into the homes across Ireland through his radio broadcasts. His knowledge of hurling and football and of the players involved made bad games sound good, poor games sound great, and great games into epics.

For many years Irish men and women have emigrated across the world. Wherever they went they brought the games with them. In places like Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, Canada and the U.S. as well as across the sea in England and Scotland, the games were organised and championships played.

Today, the Gaelic Athletic Association prides itself in being the greatest amateur, sporting organisation in the world. It has reached a new level of sophistication in the organisation and promotion of our games. It has become a very wealthy organisation with magnificent stadia bulging at the seams with enthusiastic crowds. Above all it presents the games which continue to have the widest appeal for the greatest number of Irish men and women. 

<span class="postTitle">Lory Meagher (1899 - 1973)</span> Talk given at the Lory Meagher Museum, Tullaroan, Co. Killkenny, September 1999

Lory Meagher (1899 - 1973)

Talk given at the Lory Meagher Museum, Tullaroan, Co. Killkenny, September 1999

 

‘As steel-blue clouds spread like a mourning-pall across the evening sky, hundreds - rich and poor, gentle and simple, young and old, men and women, clerics and nuns and laymen - filed through the mortuary chapel of St. Luke’s Hospital, Kilkenny for a last glimpse of all that was mortal of one of the great artists of the ash, a supreme craftsman of the caman.'

‘That the heavens themselves wept without restraint as the funeral procession wound its slow way through the narrow streets of Irishtown, old-world streets silent now, but streets that had so often re-echoed the thundering cheers of victory when the same Lory Meagher and his comrades came triumphantly home, garlanded with hurling glory.'

‘Now the only sound in those rain-swept streets came from the marching feet of the solid phalanx of All-Ireland stars who headed the cortege, the men of the Black and Amber, from Gaulstown’s 83-year old Dick Grace, who won his first All-Ireland away back in 1909, to Pa Dillon, from Freshford St. Lachtain’s, who won his last in 1972.'

‘At the boundaries of the old city of St. Canice, the hurlers split their ranks to form a guard of honour and the funeral moved on along the twisting road towards the Slieveardagh Hills to halt at last outside Clohosey’s solid farmhouse, where the men of Tullaroan were waiting, led by renowned members of two famed hurling families, Sean Clohosey and Tom Hogan. So it was, his coffin swaying on the shoulders of his old neighbours and their sons, that Lory Meagher from Curragh, the man whose name had for so long been part of hurling’s lore and legend, came home for the last time.’

 

So wrote Padraig Puirseal, in a tribute to Lory Meagher, entitled A Craftsman Supreme, in the 1974 edition of Our Games. Puirseal was one of the great admirers of Lory’s skill and had a fine appreciation of the man, as well as the hurler. In his appreciation of Lory in the Tullaroan history, he admitted: ‘Maybe I am prejudiced by the fact that Lory was at his greatest during my most impressionable years, but even after more than forty years since spent as a sports commentator, I have not seen the equal of his artistry, or watched a more supreme stylist. When the mood was on him Meagher was a veritable magician, with a caman for a wand; he was a wizard with the sliothar at his command.’

In fact, as a hurler, Lory has a clear record which establishes him as one of the greats of all time, but as a man he is an elusive individual, difficult to pin down, hard to define. This may be due to the evenness of his personality. Martin White, who knew him, hurled with him and played in all the All-Irelands he won, pinpointed this characteristic when talking to him last July. There were no extremes of behaviour in his make-up. He wasn’t given to outlandish attitudes or extravagant poses.

Perhaps this is the reason why much hasn’t been written about him. There is no biography, no spate of articles about the man. The occasional pieces are largely repetitive. It is as if this essentially quiet man revealed little about himself to others around him and to the friends and neighbours who knew him. In contrast with the accolades written about his hurling talent, most commentators are quiet about the man, and the personality behind the skilful exponent of the game of hurling.

Perhaps we can learn something of the man through his interests, other than hurling. He was an ardent supporter of G.A.A. ideals and proud of the family connection with the foundation of the Association at Thurles in 1884. Whereas it has never been established that his father, Henry J. Meagher, attended the foundation meeting, it is possible that he was in Thurles the day the Association was founded. There is a very definite tradition that Henry Meagher, and two other Tullaroan men, Jack Hoyne & Ned Teehan travelled to the 1884 meeting. They travelled by horse transport from Tullaroan to Thurles. Christopher Walshe, who wrote A Place of Memories, about the social, sporting, historical and political life of Tullaroan, claims that the late Jack Hoyne told him himself of their presence at Thurles on the day of the foundation meeting. Walshe adds that he doesn’t think they attended the actual meeting. There is no independent witness to their attendance and the possibility exists that the visit was mixed up with a subsequent meeting. (Frank Moloney of Nenagh confused a number of meetings and made a claim in 1906 that he was at the first meeting, whereas it is certain he wasn’t.) It is significant that Henry Meagher was not enamoured by what happened in Thurles later with the so-called Fenian split. Is it possible that he was remembering this convention rather than a visit in 1884. However, we must give him the benefit of the doubt.

Henry, whose father came from Cloneen, Co. Tipperary and who acquired land in Curragh with the break up of the Scully estate, was born in Tullaroan in 1865 and took a prominent part in public life in Kilkenny. He would have been only 19 years at the time of the foundation meeting in Hayes’s Hotel. Later he was to become a member of Kilkenny County Council and other public bodies. He was an uncompromising supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell and he courageously stood by the Chief in the North Kilkenny election of 1890. He attended Parnell’s funeral in Dublin in 1891.

To have taken the stand he did showed Henry to have a single mindedness and a good strain of moral courage. He had to stand out against the strictures of the clergy who spoke from the power of the pulpit. The following quotation is an example of how some of the clergy used their position at this time. A parish priest told his flock before an election in the early 1890’s: ‘Parnellism is a simple love of adultery and all those who profess Parnellism profess to love and admire adultery. They are an adulterous set, their leaders are open and avowed adulterers, and therefore I say to you, as parish priest, beware of these Parnellites when they enter your house, you that have wives and daughters, for they will do all they can to commit these adulteries, for their cause is not patriotism - it is adultery - and they back Parnellism because it gratifies their adultery.’ Strong stuff indeed and it took a strong man to stand up to it. Obviously Henry Meagher was made of stern stuff.

Henry was educated at St. Kieran’s College and later married Elizabeth Keoghan from Threecastles. A sister of hers was the mother of the famous Grace family, which was to garner fifteen All-Ireland medals in all. A cousin was Jack Keoghan, who won five All-Irelands with Sim Walton’s team. Jer Doheny, who captained the first All-Ireland winning team, was also a cousin. The pedigree was without doubt right.

Henry Meagher was a good friend of Tullaroan hurling. One of his fields was the practice ground where many a Tullaroan man first got the feel of the hurling stick. Even in Sim Walton’s time such was the security of tenure of the club there, that the man who learned how to win seven All-Irelands on its broad acres refers to it as ‘the sports field.’ But the provision of a practice ground was not by any means Henry’s only contribution to the club. Financially, and otherwise, he was ever there to help, and it was said of him that he never waited to be asked for aid - he was always endeavouring to assist the efforts of the little village.

Whatever the arguments for and against Henry Meagher’s attendance at Thurles on that November day, what is certain is that his sons inherited their father’s nationalist principles and sporting instincts. There were four of them in family. Lory was probably the most famous of the quartet and I shall deal with him later. Henry, who was born in 1902, was rated by the late Paddy Phelan, himself one of the outstanding half-backs in the game, as prolific a scorer as Mick Mackey. But Henry went to America in 1928 and his services were lost to Kilkenny. He married Kathleen Kirby of Carrick-on-Suir and died in 1982. He had the unique if, perhaps, doubtful distinction of having played with Mooncoin against Tullaroan in a county final. He was home on leave from the Irish Army and hadn’t been chosen on the Tullaroan side.

Willie, the first child, who was born in 1895, and Frank, who was born in 1897, played during the 1920’s. Willie was on the team beaten by Cork in the 1926 All-Ireland final. Kilkenny were offered a walk-over in that game but declined to take it. The Munster championship was delayed because of the three-match marathon between Cork and Tipperary, which Cork won. The latter were unable to meet the deadline fixed for the final. They asked Kilkenny to agree to a postponement, which was granted.

Henry Meagher had four daughters also. Kitty, Catherine, who was born in 1896, married Tom Hogan and they had two sons. One died and the surviving son, Dan, is the only male descendant of Henry’s. Elizabeth, born in 1898, became a nurse and died in 1987. Rose Angela, who was born in 1906, also became a nurse and died in 1984. Mary Agnes, who was born in 1901, married Ned Hogan and they had a daughter. She died in 1978. Willie, the oldest of the boys, married but there were no children. He inherited the home place and died in 1957 Frank became a priest, ministered in Australia, became Dean of a diocese and was buried there in 1971. Henry, as was said above, emigrated to America, married and had one daughter, Betty, who lives in New York. He won a Railway Cup medal in 1927. He died in the U.S. in 1982

Lory never married. It wasn’t that he hadn’t admirers. According to Martin White, he had a load of them. One of them was a girl called Bridie Walsh, who lived on a farm in the neighbourhood. She attended many matches with him, but they never married. She eventually married and died in Killarney in 1997. Her daughter, Dolores Daly, told me her mother spoke a lot about Lory. They were sweethearts and Lory shyly hinted marriage at one stage. But he was a very shy person and the hint never became a formal proposal. Although Bridie was very fond of him, her daughter believes she was intent on leaving the land and living in the city… She went on to marry a Tom Croke from Grawn, Ballingarry. He was a radio officer and returned to land to become the first radio officer appointed at Shannon Airport. But Bridie Walsh never lost interest in Lory. She went to many All-Irelands. She spoke to her daughter about him. She kept a picture of him in a Kilkenny team hanging on the wall. Since her death her daughter has found a small photograph of Lory among her effects. Before she died she visited the museum in Tullaroan and after her name in the visitor’s book, she wrote ‘an old sweetheart.’

Apart from his shyness, nobody has satisfactorily answered the question why he never married. The simple answer might be that he was married to hurling. It is true that some of the great hurling families shied away from marriage. One of the best examples is the Leahy family of Tipperary. There were five boys in that family and three of them remained unmarried. Johnny, the most famous and the captain of two All-Ireland winning teams, had the independence of being his own boss on a farm and never married. Neither did Paddy or Tommy.

In Lory’s case there was the added factor that he was only the second in command on the farm. Willie was the eldest and he was married in the home place. This may have inhibited him from taking the plunge. Amazingly, when Willie died in 1957 his widow and Lory lived on working the farm. Then after a number of years she decided to return to her folks and left Lory with the farm.. He might have got married then but didn’t. A reason given was his devotion to his mother. He continued to look after her for a long time. Dan Hogan recalls how he, and his late brother, Henry, used to visit Curragh to stay with his mother while Lory cycled the eight miles to Kilkenny to attend a meeting of Kilkenny County Board at the Central Hotel. Perhaps by the time of her death he believed the time had passed him by and he decided to remain a bachelor.

Lory, who was christened Lorenzo Ignatius, was born in Curragh, Tullaroan, on September 16, 1899. (This lecture was originally intended for yesterday week but I convinced Dan Hogan that a Friday would be a better date. However, September 17 coincided with a big wedding in the parish and it was deemed inappropriate to clash with it. So, we are celebrating the centenary of his birth eight days late.). An unusual christian name but one which was a tradition in the Meagher family. A grand uncle of Lory’s, he was a naval doctor, was also named Lorenzo. The tradition held that a family ancestor of that name came from Italy or Spain. He was known to all as Lory, pronounced ‘Low-ry’ in Tullaroan but ‘Lowery’ outside the parish. Some people thought initially that his name was ‘Glory’ and, of course, how right they were! The Meaghers were substantial farmers, farming about 130 acres of good land and living in a two storey, thatched, 18th century farmhouse. With his siblings Lory attended the local national school, where Danny Brennan was principal and Mrs. O’Neill was his assistant. There was a boys’ and a girls’ school under the same roof.

Christopher Walshe, already referred to, who was somewhat younger than Lory, grew up in the neighbouring townsland of Trenchardstown and had this to say about his boyhood: ‘As young boys we played hurling every evening during the summer months in a field owned by our next door neighbour and kinsman, Jackie Walshe. The farm had been divided between two brothers in an earlier generation. Jack’s name was a legend in Tullaroan and Kilkenny hurling lore. Neighbouring boys who played hurling with us were the Purcells from Killahy, the Teehan brothers from New England, all great hurlers later on, Paddy Hoyne, Matty Duggan, another character, and Dan Webster, another great hurler later on.

‘I remember Jackie Walshe would join us often with his hurley. His skill with the hurley and sliotar was always apparent. Another famous hurler who often dropped in on the evening’s hurling was the renowned Lory Meagher, who lived only a short distance away at Curragh. All us young lads at the time were in awe of his skill and control of the hurling ball. Little did we realise then that we were in the presence of one of the most famous players ever to grace a hurling field.’

The parish of Tullaroan, in which Lory grew up, is a farming community with a strong tradition of hurling. In 1988, two local farmers, Paddy Clohessy and Liam Kennedy, decided to become team selectors and name their club’s team of the century. The result - the fifteen chosen were holders of a staggering forty-five All-Ireland medals. It’s relevant to give the fifteen because many of them are household names.


Pat ‘Fox’ Maher (1)

Jack Keoghan (5) Tommy Grace (0) Jack Hoyne (2)

Dan Kennedy (6) Dick Grace (5) Paddy Phelan (4)

Lory Meagher (3) Dr. Pierse Grace (3) + 2F

Sean Clohesy (1) Henry Meagher (0) Martin White (3)

Tom Walton (1) Sim Walton (7) Jer Doheny (1)

 

There was no place on that team for such talent as Rev. Frank Meagher, Willie Meagher, Billy Burke of the 1939 team, John Holohan of the 1922 team, Paddy Walsh of the 1931 team, Jim Hogan, Ned Teehan, who played in six All-Irelands, or Paddy Malone, who captained Kilkenny in 1949. What I’m implying is that there was so much talent in the parish there had to be such omissions.

In such a rich hurling melieu was Lory to develop and come to manhood. From the pictures of Lory that have survived from the days of his prime, he comes across as a lean angular man. Jimmy Walsh of Hugginstown described him thus in 1973 about the time of his death: ‘He was a tall, lean man with square shoulders but one thing that made him so recognisable from his team mates was that he always wore the jersey outside the togs, be it black and amber or white with a green sash, and strange to say it always looked well that way on him. His duels with Jimmy Walsh, Carrickshock in Shefflin’s Field at Ballyhale were a treat to behold.’

Another description of him was as follows: ‘Nothing was impossible for Lory Meagher when he was at his peak. Usually a centrefield player does not score often during a hurling game, but this rule did not apply to the hurler from Tullaroan. With long effective strokes, as straight as a bullet out of a gun, he caused the flags to be raised often and fast and, as sure as Easter falls on Sunday, he shook the net with the sliotar when most often needed. Lory was also a hurler who never stooped to ‘dirty’ play and even in the toughest encounters he played, as always, honestly and skillfully. He was a man of slender build without any extra flesh but still he had a great capacity for capturing the sliotar in a tough corner, and as for his speed, Caoilte Mac Ronain of the Fianna would not outpace him.’

In his book, A Lifetime in Hurling, contemporary Tipperary hurler, Tommy Doyle, chose Lory Meagher at centrefield, with Jim Hurley of Cork, in his best fifteen hurlers. He had this to say: ‘Lory Meagher was one of the greatest hurlers Kilkenny ever produced. When the occasion demanded few hurlers could rise to the same brilliancy as the Tullaroan captain, and for a period of ten years or so he inspired his county to many notable triumphs. It is the exception rather than the rule to see midfielders figure high in the scoring list in any match. But Lory Meagher needed only the slightest opening at midfield and he could notch points from the most difficult angles. And, as often as not, his long drives found the net at a vital stage of a championship game. Built on light wiry lines, he was a grand, crisp striker, with a skill and ash style all his own.’

And Padraig Puirseal, already mentioned, had this to say of Lory: ‘He was a slight, lithe young man, with the power of his hurling already in wrist and forearm, an easy grace in his every movement on the field, and a remarkable sense of position and anticipation that made it look as though he could attract the ball to wherever he happened to be. He made hurling expertise look simple.’

‘There was Lory as I remember him first in the days when all the world was young, tall and slight, lithe and lissom, his flashing caman weaving spells around bemused Dubliners on a sunny Maytime Sunday at the Old Barrett’s Park in New Ross, long, long ago. Or memories of Meagher on that same playing field in 1929, playing such hurling in torrential rain that men said afterwards, as they splashed down the hilly road by the Three Bullets Gate, that Lory could talk to the ball and make the ball talk to him.’

On a personal level, I was very young when I first heard the name Lory Meagher and, if I remember correctly, I heard of him as Lory in ‘Over the bar, Lory.’ I always associated him with scoring points and put him in the same league as Jimmy Kennedy, Liam Devaney or Jimmy Doyle. I never did discover very much else about the player until the time the Team of the Century was announced in 1984. It came then as a surprise to find Lory picked at centrefield and only then did I learn it was in that position that he reigned supreme. He was a scoring centrefield player at a time when centrefield play was much more important than today. Because the ball didn’t travel as far as it does today, the puckouts landed in the centre of the field rather than on the forty or further on. To have a player who could catch the puckout and send it over the bar was a major asset to a team. Or. more often, Lory doubled on the ball, sending it on its way to the forward line. He always kept the two hands on the hurley and expounded that theory in training. This is what Lory was capable of doing and it made him unique in his time.

One surprising thing about Lory’s career is the lateness at which he arrived on the scene. Born in 1899, he made his first appearance for Kilkenny against Dublin in the Leinster final of 1924. He would then have been in his twenty-fifth year. Kilkenny lost by 3-4 to 1-3. Lory did not score. He was to turn out for the black and amber until 1937, when he went on as a substitute in the All-Ireland final at Killarney. During his career he won five county finals with Tullaroan, in 1924, 1925, 1930, 1933 and 1934. He won three All-Irelands, in 1932, 1933 and 1935 and was on the losing side in 1926, 1931, 1936 and 1937. He won two Railway Cup medals, in 1927 and 1933.

A curious stroke of fortune marked his introduction to inter-provincial honours and finally set him on the path to hurling fame. It was in the Railway Cup semi-final of 1927 between Leinster and Connacht, played at Portlaoise. He described what happened in a newspaper interview: ‘I was not on the Leinster team but I was brought to Portlaoise by one of the players, who got me a place on the team. I played the game of my life that day. I held my place for the final against Munster on St. Patrick’s Day, but my good friend lost his. Leinster won by 1-11 to 2-6.’ Some might say a small enough return for such a superb talent. Because of his injury in the second game against Cork in 1931 he lost out on selection on the victorious Leinster team in 1932.

One of the reasons proposed for Lory’s late arrival on the inter-county scene was the precarious state of club senior hurling in the years following the Rising. The 1916 championship wasn’t completed until August 24, 1919. The final was played at Knocktopher and Mooncoin defeated Tullaroan by 5-2 to 2-3 in a replay. There was no championship in 1917 and 1918 and these years were combined with the 1916 championship. The championship of 1919 was declared null and void when Tullaroan and Mooncoin could not agree on a venue. There was no championship from 1920 to 1922. The final of the 1923 championship, in which Dicksboro defeated Mooncoin, wasn’t played until October 19, 1924. The final of the 1924 championship was played on March 22, 1925. In an interview Lory stated: ‘I was put on the senior team right away and I won my first county championship in 1924. Since Lory made his first inter-county appearance in the Leinster championship of 1924, played in the same year, it would appear that the player had come to the eyes of the selectors before he won his first county championship. Even so, he was still 25 years old. There is a suggestion that he may have made his first appearance with his club in 1919, in the final of the 1916 championship. Because of the difficulties in running the championship during these years, Lory wouldn’t have got many opportunities to declare his wares until 1923-24. Tullaroan didn’t feature in the 1923 final which was played in October 1924. They were beaten by Mooncoin in the semi-final the previous month. There is also a suggestion that he had a polio attack in the early twenties, which may have halted his hurling development.

As stated above Lory made his debut for the county in the 1924 championship, when Kilkenny lost to Dublin. In 1925 Laois were beaten and Kilkenny lost to Dublin in the Leinster final. The loser’s objection was upheld and Kilkenny went on to contest the All-Ireland semi-final against Galway. The selectors made a decision which turned out to be disastrous. Following Mick Burke's poor display against Dublin they dropped him and recalled John T. Power. The Piltown man had not played since he went on as a substitute for Burke in the 1920 Leinster final. Power at this time was out of hurling for years and was around 43 years of age. He was picked on form shown with the 1904-13 team against the current side in a benefit game for Matt Gargan. Galway scored a decisive 9-4 to 6-0 victory.

Kilkenny hoped that the worm would turn in the 1926 championship. There was great interest in the meeting of Kilkenny and Dublin at New Ross, as a result of the objection of the previous year. Matty Power, a stalwart of Kilkenny hurling, threw in his lot with Dublin as a result of joining the Gardai in 1925. Kilkenny survived by the minimum of margins in a close, exciting game. Lory contributed 1-3 to Kilkenny’s total, his goal coming from a free. After the excitement of this victory the Leinster final against Offaly was a tame affair, which Kilkenny won easily.

Kilkenny had lost to Galway in the 1923 and 1925 semi-finals but they survived on this occasion. (It should have been Munster’s turn to play Galway but, because of the delay in the Munster championship, it fell to Kilkenny to play the Connaght representatives.) It was a game of goals, 6-2 for Kilkenny and 5-1 for Galway. John Roberts got five of Kilkenny’s, the other was got by Wedger Brennan. Lory had a quiet day. The All-Ireland final wasn’t played until October 24 because of the marathon Munster final between Cork and Tipperary. Kilkenny gave a disappointing display and the forwards made little headway. The first half was even enough with Cork holding an interval lead of one point but Kilkenny slumped in the second half, going down to a twelve point defeat on a scoreline of 4-6 to 2-0. Few Kilkenny players performed well. Lory was one of the few exceptions.

The defeat must have been galling for the Meagher family. There were three members on the team. As well as Lory, Willie played in the full-back line and Henry in the full-forward line.

There was little joy in 1927. Easy wins against Laois and Offaly put Kilkenny in confident form going into the Leinster final against Dublin in Croke Park. They had a disastrous first half and were behind by twenty points at the interval. They rallied in the second half but were ten points behind Dublin at the final whistle. As well as Matty Power, a second Kilkenny man, the famous Jim ‘Builder’ Walsh, helped Dublin to victory.

Defeat in the first round was Kilkenny’s lot in 1928. They were beaten by Dublin in the first round. There was dissent in the camp because of a dispute between Dicksboro and Tullaroan. The losers fielded without the Tullaroan players, including Lory. Neither did the team do any training together in preparation for the game and failed to last the pace.

There was some better luck in 1929. Kilkenny found it difficult to beat Meath in the first round, with Jack Duggan and Lory Meagher finding it difficult to get on top at midfield. Kilkenny played Dublin in the Leinster final. There was still dissent in the camp. The Dicksboro club, which had three players on the team and three substitutes, asked their players not to play because they disagreed with the selection committee’s choice. The dispute caused a delay in taking the field. Kilkenny won by 3-5 to 2-6 but Dublin objected on the grounds that Kilkenny were late taking the field. The referee reported that they were seventeen minutes late, but Dublin were also late. The final was declared null and void.

Kilkenny were nominated for the All-Ireland semi-final against Galway at Birr. Whether upset by the Dublin objection or because of overconfidence, or, as suggested by The Kilkenny Journal, that a few of the players were under the influence, Kilkenny produced a lifeless performance. They led at half-time but fell away completely in the second half and were beaten by six points. Lory was mentioned in despatches as one of Kilkenny’s better players.

Kilkenny reached a kind a nadir in their hurling existence in 1930 when they suffered one of their rare championship defeats at the hands of Laois in the Leinster semi-final. Their forwards could make no impression. They led by five points at half-time but Laois stormed back in the second half to win by two points. This defeat, however, was to be an unlikely prelude to a great thirties during which the county was to win four All-Irelands and seven Leinster titles.

In September 1930 Lory Meagher celebrated his thirty-first birthday. Many hurlers of that age would be retiring or, at least, have thoughts in that direction. Had Lory taken that route he would probably have gone down in the history books as another good player from the parish of Tullaroan, but he would have been one of many. He wouldn’t have much to show in the line of achievements. He had a Leinster medal from 1925, won in the boardroom rather than on the field of play. He had another medal from 1926, which was won easily against Offaly. He had another victory in 1929 but no medal to show for it. He had a Railway Cup medal for 1927, although he hadn’t originally been picked to play on the team. He had played in one All-Ireland.

His achievements reflected the state of the game in Kilkenny during the twenties. The county won one All-Ireland, beating Tipperary in 1922. They were beaten in one in 1926 and were beaten in three All-Ireland semi-finals, in 1923, 1925 and 1929. In short five Leinster finals brought one All-Ireland success during the course of the decade. The thirties were to bring a dramatic improvement.

When we think about the thirties we remember the period as Limerick’s greatest hurling era; but during the same decade Kilkenny wrote one of the finest chapters in its hurling history. A glance at the record puts the decade in perspective. In the ten years from 1931 to 1940 Kilkenny played in eight All-Irelands, winning four. After the marathon against Cork in 1931, they won three in the following four years and then lost two on the trot. They came back to win in 1939 and lose in 1940 to finish a glorious period. During the same time Limerick played in five All-Irelands, winning three. Two of these victories were over Kilkenny, and their two defeats were by the same team.

It was in the National League that Limerick reigned supreme. In fact the great Kilkenny-Limerick rivalry may be said to have started with the National League final of 1932/33, which the Noresiders won decisively by 3-8 to 1-3. Following that defeat Limerick were to record five consecutive victories in the competition, while Kilkenny had no further success.

There is no doubt about the dominance of the two teams. Dublin was the only other Leinster team to appear in an All-Ireland, losing in 1934 and winning in 1938. Cork won in 1931 but lost in 1939. Three other Munster teams made it to All-Ireland day: Tipperary did so successfully in 1937, but Clare in 1932 and Waterford in 1938 fell at the final hurdle.

Limerick’s dominance in the National League left meagre pickings for other teams. Cork won twice, and Galway and Dublin each had victories. Tipperary were on the losing end on four occasions.

The thirties is a fascinating period. It seems as if Limerick won the publicity war. The team strides across the decade like a colossus, larger than life and built in the heroic mould.. They are led by a giant named Mackey and at their best they are unstoppable. They excite the public and they are great showmen. They win leagues and All-Irelands and build churches all over the place. They win five of the ten Munster finals, four of them in a row from 1933 to 1936 inclusive.

Kilkenny were less flamboyant. They did things on a quieter note. I suppose the contrast between the personalities of Mick Mackey and Lory Meagher reflects the differences between the teams. While Limerick might have been doing things dramatically, Kilkenny were doing them effectively. And, they were an effective force during the decade, winning eight Leinster titles, - the two that escaped them were lost in replays, - and four All-Irelands. It appears to me as if Kilkenny felt a certain envy at the publicity Limerick drew on themselves. There is a newspaper quotation from 1935 which reflects this feeling. Limerick were favourites for this final, being All-Ireland champions. In a terrific struggle Kilkenny won by a point and were ecstatic. The Kilkenny Post was triumphant. Its headline blared: ‘Limerick forced to acknowledge defeat.’ The report added: ‘Kilkenny’s hurling idols have carried the day. The very laws of nature have been defied. The veterans, the stale champions of 1933, have rocked the Gaelic world to its foundations with an amazing comeback, a glorious and memorable victory. Tradition has been upheld, nay, enriched, a thousand-fold and the children of Clann na nGaedhael worship at the shrine of Kilkenny - the nation’s greatest hurlers.’

So, if Lory’s successes were poor during the twenties, he was to garner a rich harvest during the thirties. Success came in 1931. Kilkenny beat Wexford, Meath and Laois to take the Leinster final. They beat Galway convincingly in the All-Ireland semi-final on a day of wind and rain. Lory gave a star performance.

Cork were the opponents in the final on the first Sunday in September. It was a rousing match which enthralled the spectators. The first half was closely contested, with a goal from ‘Gah’ Aherne helping Cork to a half-time lead of 1-3 to 0-2. Cork stretched the advantage to six points in the second half, but Kilkenny came storming back with a goal and then four points on the trot to take the lead by one point. In the dying moments Eudie Coughlan got possession and made his way towards the goal. As he did so he slipped and fell but struck the ball while he was down on his knees, and it went over the bar for the equalising point.

The replay five weeks later was a superb game and was voted by many the greatest hurling exhibition of all time.. The radio broadcast of the drawn game by P. D. Mehigan had increased interest and swelled the attendance. Cork got off to a great start and led by 2-4 to 1-3 at the break. In the second half Kilkenny drew level and went ahead and again the Leesiders had to get the final score, as on the first day, to level the match at 2-5 each, the equaliser being their only score in the second half.

Even greater interest was generated by the second replay, which became a talking-point throughout the length and breadth of the country. At a meeting of the Central Council it was suggested that the two counties be declared joint champions, but this proposal was defeated by ten votes to six, and November 1 was fixed for the replay.

As it was now November, the crowd was somewhat down on the second game, to thirty-two thousand. Many supporters said they weren’t going to the match because Lory wasn’t playing. When the county board heard this they had Lory appear at the station with hurley and boots the day before the match, even though he had no chance of playing. Some people who were taken in by this ruse never forgave the county board. Kilkenny were severely handicapped. As well as missing their captain, Paddy Larkin and Lory, Dick Morrissey were also out because of injury. Kilkenny kept pace with Cork for about forty minutes of the game but collapsed after that and Cork ran out easy winners, by 5-8 to 3-4.

Dinny Barry Murphy’s comment on these notable tussles was that he thought the second match was the fastest he ever played in. ‘To tell you the truth,’ he said, I was dazed with the speed at which that ball was moved and I found it hard to even think.’ And that came from a man about whom this piece of doggerel was written:

Dinny Barry Murphy, boy,
Great hurler, boy! 
He’d take the ball out of your eye, boy,
And he wouldn’t hurt a fly, boy! 

Eudie Coughlan, whose contribution on the days was enormous, later stated: ‘Kilkenny were a young team coming along that year. We were old and experienced, nearing the end of our tether if you like. I think that was one of the main reasons that Cork won.’ How right he was! During the remainder of the decade Kilkenny went on to win four All-Irelands, while Cork’s name does not appear once on the roll of champions.

Lory became a national hero during these epic games. He scored three points of the 1-6 in the first game and four points of the 2-5 in the second game. His loss on the third day was incalculable. Padraig Puirseal takes up the story: ‘Lory Meagher did not achieve nationwide renown until Kilkenny and Cork met three times in the famed 1931 final. He starred in the first game, a game featured by patches of brilliant hurling, in which many critics felt that the relatively inexperienced men in black and amber had missed an opportunity of springing a surprise on the seasoned opposition. Even still, after almost half a century, old-time hurling followers go into nostalgic raptures about the first replay when two great teams again finished level. Through a tense, thrilling second half, Meagher was a dominant figure, his ball-control, the style and accuracy of his striking, his uncanny sense of anticipation never more evident.

’That evening and through the ensuing weeks, Lory Meagher’s name rang around Ireland. And then the sad news broke. Because of rib injuries Meagher would be unable to take the field in the second replay. Undaunted, Kilkenny made a brief bid to achieve victory, even without his inspiration. They led Cork for forty minutes but then, as the tide of battle rolled against them, they began to fall away. In the closing stages a Kilkenny player retired injured and all eyes turned towards the bench where the reserves sat, while a wail arose from Noreside supporters: ‘Lory, Lory’, they called and there was the start of an abortive cheer when a becapped figure in black and amber came bounding onto the field.

‘Alas, the spectators quickly realised that the newcomer was not Meagher and I can still see him in my mind’s eye, as I saw him then in his best suit, hunched and bowed on the touchline seat, white-knuckled hands clasped tightly on a hurley, tears running down his cheeks because he could not answer his county’s urgent call.’

Maybe a bit exaggerated, definitely a colour piece of writing with echoes of the dying Cuchulainn breaking through. Exaggerated or not it does appear as if Lory was transformed, as a result of his displays in the drawn game and the first replay, from a Tullaroan and Kilkenny player to one of national stature. After this he was in a super league of heroes, which would include Mick Mackey and Christy Ring. He became a household name and his fame was such that when the Team of the Century was picked, over fifty years later, in 1984, he got more votes than any other player for the centrefield position..

How did Lory’s ribs get broken? I asked Martin White and he thought the question surprising. If he knew he wasn’t prepared to tell me. Obviously the name of the player responsible was known. We should have no problem today with our instant action replay. In an interview with John D, Hickey, Lory had this to say: ‘In that game I hurled for fifty-five minutes with three broken ribs and hardly knew it. The mishap happened under the Hogan Stand when I got possession of the ball and as soon as I did a second Cork man came up to tackle me, charged me and I went down.

‘Dick Grace came over to me and after a while I got up and scored a point from the free that we got for the foul. I continued to the end and despite my injuries, I look back with most pleasure on that match.’

The last sentence is significant. If he looked back ‘with most pleasure on that match’, it must have been because of his display. It satisfied him completely and it made him a hero among his supporters. In that game he reached the peak point of his form and set the seal of greatness on a colourful hurling career.

But, to return to the injury. It happened in the opening minutes of the game. This is confirmed by another statement made by Lory in the above interview: ‘In that game I hurled for fifty-five minutes with three broken ribs and hardly knew it.’ That statement makes his performance all the more amazing.

So, who was the guilty party and was the tackle a deliberate one to take Lory out of the game? The most likely culprits were the Cork midfield pair of Jim Hurley and his partner Micka O’Connell. It has taken me some time to find out the player responsible. There is a code of silence, a kind of omerta, on the subject among those who might know or to whom the information has been passed down. After a lot of digging I’m fairly certain the man was Cork centre-back, Jim O’Regan. The story goes that on their way on to the field O’Regan said to Hurley: ‘We’ve got to do something about Lory.’ He had dazzled them with his play in the first game and was their greatest threat.

There is another significance to this injury. Key players attract close attention from opponents. Sometimes the attention borders on the illegal or spills over into unacceptable behaviour. Lory must have been open to such treatment and yet, with the exception of the incident in the first replay, he does not appear to have suffered many injuries. Martin White told me he wasn’t a marked man, as one might have imagined him to be. And sometimes the treatment of star players is more severe at club level than at intercounty level. In another interview Lory expressed the opinion that in spite of his many strenuous inter-county battles, the hardest games he ever played were in the county championships. ‘In inter-county games,’ he pointed out, you meet the cream of each county’s talent, but in local games you are up against every type of hurler.’ A very revealing statement I would suggest!

The year 1932 was going to bring Lory the kind of reward he deserved and for which he waited so long. Victories over Meath and Laois brought Kilkenny to a Leinster final against Dublin. In a great decider Kilkenny came through by four points and qualified to meet Clare in the All-Ireland final. The Banner were making their first appearance since 1914. With twenty minutes to go Kilkenny led by 3-2 to 0-3, their third goal coming from a sideline cut by Lory, which was finished to the net by Martin White. Clare staged a great rally and reduced the margin to two points. In a last desperate effort Clare launched another attack. Their star forward, Tull Considine, got through and seemed set for a goal but Podge Byrne came out of nowhere, tackled Considine and put him off his shot, which went wide.. In the remaining time Kilkenny got a point to win by a goal. Lory played his best game of the year. Clare took their defeat sportingly and invited the Kilkenny team and officials to their banquet in Barry’s Hotel. Here the players mingled in a friendly atmosphere.

Kilkenny were clear favourites for the All-Ireland in 1933, following their win in the National League final. They qualified for the Leinster final after beating Meath. This game was played at Wexford Park against Dublin and was a remarkable decider. Kilkenny were outpaced and out-manoeuvred in the first half and Dublin led by 5-4 to 2-1 at the interval. The second half was in complete contrast with Kilkenny sweeping all before them. With ten minutes to go the sides were level, the equalising point coming from Lory. However, Dublin went ahead again by a point. Then Kilkenny got a free and the Dublin defenders probably thought Lory would go for a point to level the scores. But Lory, seeing an opening, crashed the ball into the net to take the lead. In the remaining minutes Kilkenny got two more scores to win handsomely by 7-5 to 5-5. In the semi-final at Birr, Galway went into an early lead but two goals from Lory from frees put Kilkenny into the lead by half-time. They eventually won by 5-10 to 3-8 with Lory’s contribution outstanding.

The All-Ireland final was a repeat of the league final and Limerick were determined to reverse that result. The biggest crowd (45,176) up to then to see a hurling or a football All-Ireland, packed Croke Park. The gates were locked long before the game started and thousands more were left outside. The game was played at a breathless pace, full of grimness and determination. It was very close, with the sides locked at four points each at the interval. The game remained close in the second half until a goal by Johnny Dunne put light between the teams for the first time and gave Kilkenny victory by 1-7 to 0-6. Lory was not as prominent as usual and scored a point. It was a great victory for Kilkenny but particularly for their magnificent defence.

There was a check to the forward march of Kilkenny hurling in 1934. They beat Laois in the first round and then went on a six weeks tour of the USA. Lory’s name had gone before him and he got the headlines, as the newspapers cashed in on his fame to generate publicity. There is one story told of Lory during his time on the tour. The party were at Coney Island one day and amongst a host of attractions there was a chap on the beach with buckets of golf balls and drivers. Customers teed up and belted balls to sea. Closely woven nets were spread out over a 200 yard X 100 yard area out to sea and you paid your fee and belted balls towards the horizon. Lory, among others, was curious and lined up. He never had a golf club in his hand before. After he had hit a dozen balls well beyond the limit of the nets the guy turned to him and said: ‘So, you’re a professional - where do you play?’ It’s not recorded if Lory replied: ‘Tullaroan.’ 

Kilkenny came back to the Leinster final against Dublin. It was another sensational game. Dublin led by six points at half-time and by eight with five minutes to go. But, with their supporters leaving the field, Kilkenny staged a great rally which yielded three goals to take the lead, Dublin needed a Tommy Treacy point from a free to level. Lory was one of Kilkenny’s heroes on the day. Portlaoise was again the venue for the replay. Kilkenny were very bad in the first half, failing to raise a flag, while Dublin scored 3-3. The hoped-for rally in the second half didn’t materialise and Kilkenny were beaten by six points and failed in their bid to record four Leinster titles in a row. The losers made a tactical error by opting to play against the wind in the first half. It died down after the interval.

The good times for Kilkenny and Lory returned in 1935. Lory was also captain, as a result of Tullaroan’s defeat of Carrickshock in the 1934 final. It was his fifth county final, the earlier wins coming in 1924, 1925, 1930 and 1933. Offaly were easily beaten in the Leinster semi-final. Laois, who had surprisingly beaten Dublin in the other semi-final, gave a spirited performance for about three-quarters of the final before going down to a superior Kilkenny side. There was an easy victory over Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final at Birr.

It was Kilkenny and Limerick for the All-Ireland final. A record number of 45,591 spectators turned up for the game, which was played in a steady downpour. In spite of the difficult conditions the players served up a magnificent exhibition of hurling, and the match stands out as one of the greatest finals ever played. There was fierce rivalry between these teams by this stage. They had been vying for honours since 1933. They knew one another inside out. They had divided successes and failures. Many of the players had also encountered each other on opposite sides in the Railway Cup. One such set of opponents was Mickey Crosse and Johnny Dunne. The Kilkenny side was expressed in the cant: Why was Mickey Crosse? Answer: When he saw Johnny Dunne! The Limerick version was: Why was Johnny Dunne? When he saw Mickey Crosse! In that encounter in 1935 they tore skelps off each other. A friend of mine who was present at the game as a young fellow, sitting with his father in the Canal End, with a close-up of this intense duel remembers the blood streaming down Mickey Crosse’s face from a blow on the forehead, the whole scene made almost horrific by the rain washing the blood on to the jersey. And, not to be outdone, Johnny Dunne had an injury on the back of his head, which also bled profusely, again exaggerated by the rain. He recalls the only treatment Dunne gave his wound was to drag his cap back over it, to staunch the flow.

Limerick took an early lead but Kilkenny came back and were a point in front at the interval, 1-3 to 1-2. Early in the second half Limerick levelled, but then Kilkenny went in front and had a five-point advantage with fifteen minutes to go. The last quarter was breathtaking as Limerick sought to reduce the lead. A Mick Mackey free was rushed to the net; another point followed and in a welter of excitement during the dying minutes, Limerick fought for another score and Kilkenny defended doggedly. In the end the Noresiders got the verdict by the smallest of margins, 2-5 to 2-4. Tommy Leahy, Lory’s partner at centrefield, got man of the match. He had received good assistance from Lory, who contributed a point to his side’s total, but his overall contribution was impressive. Padraig Puirseal was very impressed: ‘But for me, as for many another, Meagher’s finest hour did not arrive until the final of 1935, in the autumn of his distinguished hurling career. Kilkenny started that day rank outsiders against Limerick, the reigning champions, then on the surge of successes. Hurling fans thronged Croke Park for what promised to be a classic confrontation between the old champions and the new . . . and then the rains came, and in torrents. It was not, one would have thought, a day when a stylist like Meagher could use his unique talents and subtle touches to best effect; yet, if ever he taught a sliotar to obey his every wish, it was on that September Sunday of 1935; he guided that sodden ball over the rain-drenched sod and wherever he willed. His amazing ball-control under such conditions foiled Limerick time and again around midfield, while his shrewd and accurate passes to his forwards forged the second-half winning scores, despite all Mick Mackey’s herculean efforts to cancel them. It was a heart-stopping finish with Lory captaining Kilkenny to one of its greatest victories.’ 

As captain Lory was presented with the cup. On the following evening he led the victorious Kilkenny team in a victory parade through the city. He was the only Tullaroan man to receive the McCarthy Cup. Two other Tullaroan men captained All-Ireland winning teams before the McCarthy Cup was presented for the first time in the 1923 All-Ireland, Jer Doheny, when Kilkenny won their first All-Ireland in 1904, and Sim Walton, who was the successful captain in 1911 and 1912. 

Kilkenny were in great form in the semi-final of the 1936 Leinster championship, beating Dublin by 20 points. In a dogged Leinster final, Laois were overcome and Kilkenny qualified for another tilt with Limerick in the All-Ireland final. A crowd of over fifty thousand, more than was to attend the football All-Ireland, packed into Croke Park on September 6. Limerick determination was at its height. The first half produced a game in keeping with previous clashes, and Limerick had a two point advantage at half-time. In the second half Limerick took over and their superiority was unquestioned. They swept aside the Kilkenny challenge, which could muster only a point in the half, and were in front by 5-6 to 1-5 at the final whistle. Few Kilkenny players added to their reputations.

Lory’s impact on the Kilkenny team had been getting more muted during the previous year. He was picked for the opening games of the 1937 championship. Dublin were beaten in the semi-final and surprise packets, Westmeath, making their first and last appearance in a Leinster final, were overcome in the final minutes of the Leinster final. For the semi-final against Galway at Birr, Lory was among the substitutes, the first time for him to find himself there since 1924. Kilkenny won by a couple of points and qualified to play Tipperary in the final at Killarney. Work had begun in February 1936 on a development in Croke Park which involved the terracing of Hill 16 and the erection of a new double-decker stand to be named in memory of Michael Cusack, but a two-month strike prevented the work being completed by the contract date of August 1937. Killarney was chosen as the alternative venue. Kilkenny were a veteran side but nobody expected their performance to be as poor on the day. For the forty-three thousand who attended, the game could hardly have been worse. It was too one-sided to draw even a decent cheer. From the start Kilkenny were beaten all over the place, and the final score was 3-11 to 0-3 in favour of Tipperary.

Lory came on as a sub, and his appearance was to be his last in the black and amber, the colours he had worn with such distinction since 1924. Although he played his part it was evident that his youthful speed was gone and that age was taking its toll. His arrival may have done nothing to change the direction of the game but he got Kilkenny’s only second-half score. He got a free, tried for a goal as was his wont, and it was saved at the expense of a point. Lory was just two weeks short of his 38th birthday. He must hold the record with Frank Cummins of being the oldest centrefield players to play in an All-Ireland.

Lory retired from hurling after the debacle in Killarney but he never lost his interest in the game, the G.A.A. and, in fact, all things Irish. Looking back on his achievements it might be said he didn’t get the reward his talent deserved. He played in seven All-Irelands and lost four. He should have been good enough for the 1922 team, having been 22 years old at the time. He was probably unfortunate to be in his prime at a time when Kilkenny hurling was unsuccessful. There were ten years between 1922 and 1932 during which Kilkenny went without an All-Ireland success. They were the prime years in Lory’s life. According to Martin White he wasn’t recognised until he was past his prime. Had he lived in the decade from 1903 to 1913 what a difference there would have been! 

Where did Lory’s greatness lie? Moondharrig, a contemporary hurling commentator, said of him: ‘Meagher was the stylist of the hurling fields, not alone in the hey-day of his career, the late ‘20’s and early ‘30’s, but possibly in our life-times. Certainly no sweeter striker of the ball has graced the senior championship for Meagher was equally effective off the ground or in the air, from play or from the side-placed ball. Because of the remarkable power that he carried in his forearms, Meagher was a master of the short-swing, the kind of push stroke that we see all too seldom nowadays, when the wide-open all-round swing, which was the hall-mark of what we used to call the ‘five-acre field’ hurler, and which can so easily be hooked from behind seems to have become the accepted practice even among All-Ireland stars.’ Moondharrig continues: ‘Striking a ball from his hand in open ground or from a placed-ball lift, Lory Meagher had the perfect swing and what a pity it is that it was never preserved on film as a model for a new generation.

‘But, especially in the later years of his career, he was a master of the side-line cut, as Clare and Limerick found to their cost in All-Ireland finals. From a touch-line ball out around the 25 yard mark, Meagher was deadly. Once in Waterford nearly forty years ago, I saw him score two goals off line-balls within five minutes, one from the left-hand touch-line and the other from the right, and each time the sliotar flashed to the net off the inside of the far upright.’

Martin White makes the point that he wasn’t a fast man. Like all men who follow horses, he didn’t hurry. He went about centrefield in a canter. He had such a great sense of anticipation that he seemed always to be where the ball was. Actually it was uncanny how he got round centrefield when he seemed never to be straining himself. He had great hands and great strength in the upper portion of his body. He also had a great follow-through. It used to be said of him that he would have made a perfect golfer. On the top of everything he had excellent accuracy.

Asked if Lory would have fitted into today’s game, Martin White has absolutely no doubt. According to him Lory would have fitted into the game at any time and in any place.

One of his outstanding skills was the drop-puck. It was a wonderful stroke. He had the ability to bat down a ball and drop-puck it as it hit the ground. Another tactic was to use it when in trouble. He would throw the ball forward, sometimes illegally, and running after it drop puck it as it reached the ground. The stroke had great direction. It was a favourite stroke of Lory’s at close play.

He had another great talent in overhead striking. He gave a great display of it in the 1931 struggle against Cork. He didn’t catch the ball at centrefield but doubled on it again and again. He was up against Jim Hurley that day, who had inches on Lory and who was another good exponent of the same skill. Despite lacking in the stature of Hurley, Lory came well out of the contest. 

Another contemporary recalls: ‘His duels with Jimmy Walsh of Carrickshock in Shefflin’s Field were a treat to behold. It will always stay in my mind of a point scored in one such game. The ball was coming down from a puck-out but in the next instant it was sailing high in the air over the bar at the other end of the field without ever touching the ground, as a result of an overhead connection by Lory.’

Above all, Lory had a quality without which all his skills would have been as naught, and that was a great will to win, a determination never to lose. It was expressed in his willingness to carry on with broken ribs in the replay of 1931. It also found expression in his desire to continue playing into his thirty-eighth year. There are two photographs of Lory which express for me the focus and determination of the man. One was taken at the 1945 Leinster final, showing Lory standing beside goalkeeper, Jimmy Walsh. He’s actually standing in the goals, hands in pocket, cap on head, fag in mouth, completely intent on whatever is happening at the other end of the field. The second picture is of him on a reaper and binder, shirt sleeves rolled up, head bare and fag in mouth, holding the horse in rein and totally rapt in what he is doing.

Despite his quiet demeanour Lory showed outstanding qualities as captain and chairman. These were revealed in the 1931 games with Cork and during the successful year of 1935. Late in his life when he served as chairman of the Tullaroan Club his leadership qualities were shown in his chairman’s addresses and in his words to the players before leaving the dressingroom to play. In his quiet way he could send men on to the field inspired to perform above themselves. He enjoyed a good partnership with club secretary, Danny Brennan. He served for a period on the Leinster Council. Lory was offered a commission is the early days of the Garda Siochana, with a view to encouraging sport in the force. He was also offered a nomination to stand in a general election but turned it down.

During the remainder of his life, Lory devoted his time helping out with club and county teams, and looking after his farm. He was a terribly shy and retiring person, modest and unassuming to a fault. He never sought the limelight, in actual fact shunned any self-publicity with a passion. Nicky Purcell got to know him during his thriteen years as manager of Tullaroan Creamery: ‘Because the Meagher farm practically surrounded the creamery, I often saw Lory at work there. Even in work one could see he was gifted with his hands. Nobody could improve on the way he would cut and lay a fence or plough a field. Everything he did had style and quality about it. At the time I became Manager, Lory’s brother, the late Bill, was a member of the committee and later became chairman. When Bill died, Lory succeeded him on the committee. During his time there he contributed regularly to discussions and was a shrewd judge of situations and problems. Because of this his suggestions and observations were keenly sought and often accepted.

‘In private life I would rate Lory as a reserved and even shy man. To my knowledge he never sought the limelight. I am well aware that he often refused interviews with press men around All-Ireland time. He seemed to be at his happiest strolling down through the fields to the sportsfield on a summer’s evening, enjoying a smoke on his ever-present pipe. At the same time he enjoyed ‘leg pulling’ and was adept at getting the best out of characters like Peter Butler, Mick Dunphy and Liam Kennedy - all of whom sadly have passed away also. All in all I suppose it is fair to say that when Lory died, the game of hurling lost one of its brightest stars, and county Kilkenny and, in particular, his native parish of Tullaroan, lost not only a star hurler but also a highly respected member of its community. It was a pleasure and an enrichment of my life to have known him.’

I asked Martin White was Lory a popular man. He found it a difficult question. Lory wasn’t the type who make popular heroes. He didn’t court popularity. He didn’t put himself in the way of being popular. He did his own thing in a quiet way. I suppose a better word to describe public response to him is to say he was much respected. He had brought honour to parish and county. He had served both well. He had done everything that was asked of him, and oftentimes much more. And, if he were respected at home, he was very much respected outside the county. That respect is best illustrated by two stories. Martin White tells of a meeting between Timmy Ryan of Limerick and Lory many years later. They had played many tough encounters against each other. On this day they met in Dublin and embraced for surely five minutes before getting into animated conversation with one another. Another great opponent was Jim Hurley. When Lory was introduced to Jim’s widow at his funeral, she clasped his right hand in her own and raising her voice said: ‘Oh, Lory Meagher, the most oft repeated player’s name in our house.’

The respect in which he was held was shown in the attendance at his funeral. G.A.A. funerals are powerful affairs but this one was special in the huge number of past players who turned up to pay their final respects. Six of his opponents from Cork in the great 1931 games, including Jack Barrett, Eudie Coughlan, Fox Collins and Jim Regan, asked at his funeral for the privilege of carrying his coffin from the altar to the waiting hearse.

It is an indication of how Lory touched lives through his brilliant hurling skill. But he did more than touch lives. He gave his native place a fame that its size and its importance could never claim. Like the other great stars of the game. Lory lifted his native place on to a higher plain. Anyone who passes through Tullaroan is no longer passing through a quiet village but connecting with Lory Meagher and all the myths an legends associated with his name. Long may his name be remembered.

 

 

<span class="postTitle">Clonmel Civic Reception Speech</span> Hosted by Clonmel Corporation in August 1988

Clonmel Civic Reception Speech

Speech on the occasion of a Civic Welcome to Seamus J. King by Clonmel Corporation in August 1988, following the publication of Tipperary's G.A.A. Story 1935-1984

 

Your Worship, Mayor Norris, Aldermen, Councillors, Guests. 

I am extremely grateful and thankful for this honour conferred on me. It is the first time I have received such acclaim and I accept it with grateful thanks. 

That such an honour should come from the Mayor and Corporation of Clonmel makes it all the greater. You are a distinguished and ancient Corporation and this adds to the lustre of the honour. Ny colleague, Sean O'Donnell, has been researching your history and has informed me of your antecedents. 

You are generous towards me but that is but a reflection of the generosity you have shown in the past. I want you to cast your minds back to October 27, 1915. Cavan had defeated Tipperary in the All-Ireland semi-final as a result of a disputed goal. Tipperary objected to the goal and the scorer, Jim Smith. They lost the appeal. The following October Cavan came to Clonmel for a league match. Were there any protests? No. When the Cavan players arrived they were met by the Clonmel Pipers' Band. They were escorted to the Town Hall and welcomed by Mayor White on behalf of the Corporation and citizens. The Mayor extended a hearty cead mile failte and told the players that the county had been impressed by Cavan's displays in the All-Ireland semi­-final and final and were honoured to have them as their guests that night! Would you believe such big-heartedness! And what did Cavan do? They scored a penalty in the dying minutes of the game to grab victory by a point for the second time that year. Were you in goals that day, Jim? 


Role of Gaelic Games

I know, your Worship, that this honour is not only for me but for the games of hurling and football and the major part they play in Irish life. In conferring this honour you are giving recognition to the contribution Gaelic games makes to the lives of people, espec­ially in towns like Clonmel and in counties like Tipperary. You are recognising that the most important topic of conversation this week, last week, next week and the week after, is Tipperary and the All-­Ireland. 

You are also tonight, your Worship, paying tribute to all those who play and administer. the games in the county at large, in the south division in general and in Clonmel in particular. You are recognising the players and officers of the south board and of the six clubs that exist in this town. I should also like to have the occasion honour some of the greats of the past, a number of whom like Gerry O'Keeff'e, Jim Williams, Bunny Lambe and Theo English are among us this evening. 

Clonmel is the biggest town in Tipperary and I come originally from the parish of Lorrha, which is the Tipperary parish farthest distanced from this town. Before I came to live in Cashel in 1965 I couldn't have been in Clonmel more than once or twice. The division between the two parts of the county was very real. North Tipperary people didn't have much reason to go to Clonmel. They didn't pass through it to many places. In fact when I was growing up in Lorrha if you were going to Clonmel it was usually a case of being sent. Clonmel meant one place and one place only and that was St. Luke's. And, with the attitudes to mental illness at that time it was not a very pleasant thought. 

Things changed after coming to live in Cashel which many regard as a kind of dormitory town to Clonmel and many come to for the shopping bargains at Dunne's Stores and other retail outlets. The traffic between the two places is so great that it was best described by one of our Cashel Councillors, Tom Wood. In the course of a debate in the Cashel U.D.C. he said that any Cashel person coming to Clonmel would need to have three hands, two for carrying the bags of messages and a third for greeting all the other Cashel people he met carrying similar loads of messages. 

Increased mobility has brought us all more closely together and I am glad that not only have we Cashel people present this evening but my brother Liam and his wife Kathleen were able to make the seventy-odd mile journey from Lorrha. 


Johnny Gaynor

This is an occasion to celebrate Gaelic games and I should like to use it to recall one other person, whoi is now dead and gone. I do so not in any critical way but that he may not be forgotten. The man's name is Johnny Gaynor. He was one of the brightest hurlers in the parish of Lorrha in the early twenties and won·a divisional title in 1924. At the end o:f that year he began to behave strangely and was moved to Clonmel, to St. Luke's. Sean O'Driscoll got to know him there and used to talk to him about hurling and about an All-Ireland junior medal he believed he won at some stage at Dungarvan. When I was researching the Lorrha book I went to interview him but, by then, he was blind, in a wheelchair and his mind was scattered. I attended his funeral in May 1981 when he left St. Luke's after fifty-eight years. I recall Johnny's name on this occasion, not in any morbid or sorrowful way, Johnny Gaynor is a forgotten man but in his prime, in the early twenties, he was a brilliant goalkeeper. A contemporary, Tom Duffy, who is still alive, expressed himself vividly on his ability. 'He wouldn't let a midge past him.' I would like on this occasion to have him remembered for his hurling brilliance and his love of the game. 

Your Worship, I am extremely thankful to you and your fellow councillors for the great recognition you have given me. I shall cherish the memory always and look on Clonmel with deep gratitude for ever. 

<span class="postTitle">The Tipperary Hurler</span> West Tipperary Division G.A.A. Convention Handbook, 1997, p 24

The Tipperary Hurler

West Tipperary Division G.A.A. Convention Handbook, 1997, p 24

 

This painting, by the Limerick born artist Sean Keating (1889-1977), is one of six to appear in the 1997 calendar from the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modem Art, Parnell Square, Dublin 1. It is of interest to West Tipperary people in particular because the model for the painting, Ben O'Hickey, was a distinguished Bansha man.

The picture was painted in June 1928 and was exhibited by the artist at the Amsterdam Olympia in 1929 as part of a world collection of pictures relating to athletics. Keating was the only Irish artist whose name appeared in the catalogue. From Amsterdam the picture was transferred to the Irish Artists Exhibition in the Hackett Galleries, New York where it was seen and purchased for £1,000 by George Moore, a wealthy railroad magnate. It eventually made its way into the Municipal Gallery's collection. 

The picture depicts a typical young Tipperary man of the farming class, with rugged, strong features and muscular build. The figure is seated against an Irish landscape that is almost as fine as the figure itself. According to Seamus McCarthy the red jersey with the sash, worn by the model, was a Galtee Rovers one from the twenties and was owned by a club player, Tom Compton. The hurley was made by Tom O'Hickey, the father of the model. 

Ben O'Hickey was born into a strongly nationalist family in Lisgibbon, Bansha in 1899. He was responsible for forming the Bansha Company' of the IRB in 1917. Two years later he was sentenced to eighteen months hard labour for wearing uniform. He was jailed in Cork, later transferred to Derry and later still to Mountjoy. From here he made a dramatic escape with other Sinn Feiners in March 1919 and joined Tom Barry's flying column, taking part in a number of attacks and ambushes. In one of these he was wounded and captured. He was taken to Cork Barracks, courtmartialled and sentenced to death. On the morning set for his execution, his sentence was commuted to penal servitude for life and he was shipped to Wormwood Scrubs and then to Shepton Mallet Prison in the Cotswolds. 

When peace was restored, Commandant O'Hickey entered the Metropolitan School of Art and studied under Sean Keating. During his time there he created a canvas portraying his experience in the death cell, entitled To What Red Hell. His teacher recommended its inclusion in the Royal Hibernian Exhibition but the committee declined to show it, considering the subject too controversial. Keating, O'Hickey and others were disappointed with the rejection and decided to found another outlet for young artists. Thus was the Academy of Irish Art founded and the first exhibition, which included To What Red Hell, was opened in the Round Room of the Mansion House by Sean T. O'Kelly in April 1931. The exhibition was a great success and O'Hickeys painting aroused much interest and media coverage. 

And so the man who was the model for The Tipperary Hurler was an artist in his own right, as well as being a patriotic Irishman. The remainder of his life was also colourful and exciting and Ben O'Hickey died on August 9, 1964. He is buried in St. Michael's Cemetery, Tipperary.

 

<span class="postTitle">Patsy Carroll (1992-96)</span> Oration at his graveside, June 2, 1996

Patsy Carroll (1992-96)

Oration at his graveside, June 2, 1996

 

Members of the family, ladies and gentlemen.

I was privileged to be asked to say a few words at the burial of Patsy Carroll. He was a man I always held in the highest respect, having distinguished himself in the field of athletics and brought name and fame to the parish of Lorrha and Dorrha. In his day his achievements set him apart from his fellow men and his ability enabled him to run shoulder to shoulder with the best athletes in the land during the late forties and early fifties.

My earliest memory of Patsy was on a lazy Sunday afternoon at Rathcabbin sports in Mr. Bracken's field, lying on the grass and watching the three mile race. There were only two contestants, Mick Cleary of Moneygall and our local hero, Patsy. Cleary was in the lead from an early stage by about ten yards. Occasionally Patsy would make a burst to catch up but when he did so, Cleary accelerated. I was disappointed when the Moneygall man crossed the finishing line in front, not knowing then that Patsy had competed in and won the three mile championship of Ireland at Ballinree, Co. Carlow a few days earlier and hadn't yet recovered from the ordeal.

My last meeting with him was in August 1992. As we drank tea at the kitchen table he recounted the high and low points of his life. Then, suddenly he was under starting orders again. This time it was no starting gun but the call of commitment to travel to Tullamore for a training session with the Offaly under-21 hurling team. Since 1983 he had been the official masseur with the Offaly senior team and was then with the under-21 side. Nothing unusual about that until one realised that Patsy was then seventy years of age, having been born on February 18,1922.

These two activities, running and rubbing, occupied most of Patsy's life. I always think of him when I get the whiff of wintergreen. Many of you will recall the many legs of Lorrha players he prepared to go on to playing fields over north Tipperary and beyond. Do you remember the upstairs room in Foley's in Borrisokane where we used to tog out and the aroma of wintergreen filling the air? And, there in the midst of us all, his coat off and the sweat pouring down his face was Patsy, ironing out aches and pains, some real others imaginary, and sending us on to the field with no excuse for not playing well.

However, it's for his running achievements that Patsy will be remembered. When many of the legs that he rubbed have passed on, he will be remembered in the record books for his successes in the field of athletics. And these successes were impressive by any standards. The high period of this achievement was between 1945 and 1951. In these seven years Patsy won seven senior cross-country national championships with the county, running under N.A.C.A. rules. During that glorious period he was never outside the first twelve on All-Ireland day and was always in the scoring six, the only athlete to achieve that high level of consistency.

With no athletic ancestry, Patsy first became interested in running when he joined the L.D.F. in the early forties and began to run in their races. They were later to become F.C.A. races. Cross country running was taking off in a big way at the time and 250 people took part in the first cross-country race in Lorrha in January 1943. Mick Donoghue of Ballinderry won and Patsy came second. The race was out of Lorrha, up the Minister's hill and around for four miles. According to Patsy there was great interest in running as people had little else to occupy their free time.
If one is to find a peak in Patsy's achievements it must be 1949. The list of his successes is phenomenal. He won the Southern Command three miles. He dead heated -both got gold medals - with Mick Cleary in the Munster four miles. About 6,000 supporters watched that race in Kanturk and the crowd included intrepid Lorrha fans like Bobby Dillon, Joe Sutton, Jack Cleary, Tommy Carroll, Paddy Corcoran and Mick O'Meara of Roughan. Patsy won the Army three miles at the Curragh, after being runner-up in 1948 and he would retain it in 1950. He also won the All-Ireland three miles at Carlow and was second in the five miles national championships held at Moneygall. Other successes that year were achieved at Moyglass and Galway. He was second in the Guinness four miles on a Saturday and won the three miles at Killaloe the following day.
As I have already said an impressive record and one to stand with the best. When it is realised that athletics were much more popular then than now and that the number of athletes competing was far greater than today, Patsy's achievements become even greater. A contemporary and fellow competitor of Patsy's, Mick Blake of Ballincurry has told me how impressed he was with the Lorrha athlete. The two of them, together with Gerry Kiely of Aherlow, competed all over the place at a time when there was little reward for running. A national championship medal was much coveted but other medals on offer at the time were of poor quality and many of the other prizes were downright shabby. But yet Patsy and his fellow athletes competed, most of them barefooted, for the love of the sport and the camaraderie it generated. Among his peers Patsy was a gentleman and extremely popular. Nobody begrudged him victory and they all wished him well when it was achieved.

Patsy didn't have an auspicious start in life. Misfortune dogged those early years. His brother, Martin, died at the age of three.. His mother died when he was only twelve years old and his father was blinded as a result of the belt of a caveson in the eye from a rearing horse. He had to take responsibility on his shoulders very early on. Those who remember him at school recall one with plenty of brains and one who might have followed a different path in life had he been born in the era of free education. He is remembered as never having walked to school but running there and back home in the evening. He went working as soon as he left school and began drinking but took the pledge from Fr. Clune in 1945 and never looked back after that.. He gave the same effort to his work as he did to his running and lifted himself up in life and could be regarded as having made an equal success of that.

Today, as we bury him in this ancient churchyard we are sad at his passing. We share the sorrow of Celia and his family. By turning out in such numbers last night and this morning we are saying to his family that we regret his passing and that we express our deepest sympathy at his loss. That loss seems all the more poignant on a sunny morning in June and on a day when Tipperary are playing hurling. Patsy is no longer present to pick up the game on the radio but more than likely he is listening in on some heavenly airwaves. Perhaps he may have some influence in the way the game goes.

But I should like to see the occasion as not one completely of loss and sorrow. Even though we are returning Patsy to the soil, which he pounded over for many years, and saying goodbye to his physical remains, we are not forgetting him. He has made so much impact on our lives and has left such an imprint in his athletic record that he cannot be forgotten. We know that Patsy Carroll was a great athlete and that he proved his greatness by winning numerous All-Ireland medals. We also know that he represented the amateur ideal in sport at its noblest and that he led a life of honest endeavour in the field of sport with little or no material reward to show for such effort. We also recognise him as the greatest athlete that ever came out of this parish and as a man that brought more honour and glory to this small place than any other man. As I said in the beginning I was privileged to be asked to speak at his funeral. We here were all privileged to have known him and our parish is a much better place as a result of Patsy having lived amongst us.

Ar dheis de go raibh a ainm dilis.

 

 

<span class="postTitle">Gaile Sportsfield</span> Letter to Editor of Tipperary Star following opening of Gaile Sportsfield Jan 10, 1994

Gaile Sportsfield 

Letter to Editor of Tipperary Star following opening of Gaile Sportsfield Jan 10, 1994

 

The Editor, 

'The Tipperary Star', Thurles. 

January 10, 1994 

Dear Sir:

The unveiling of the plaque at the entrance to the former Gaile Sportsfield last Sunday recalled for me Lorrha's first ever county final victory, the 1946 county junior hurling championship. Their opponents were Moycarkey-Borris and the date was November 23, 1947, according to the 'Moycarkey-Borris G.A.A. Story' and December 7, 1947 according to the Lorrha G.A.A. book. The score is also uncertain because none of the local newspapers reported the match. Again, there is a slight divergence between the two books with Moycarkey giving the result 4-4 to 3-3 in Lorrha's favour but the Lorrha book claiming only a three-point victory on a scoreline of 4-4 to 3-4. 

Lorrha beat Eire Og in the north final and defeated Galtee-St. Pecauns, the West champions, in the county semi-final at Thurles on November 16. In the other semi-final, Moycarkey- Borris, who had beaten Thurles Kickhams in the mid final, defeated south champions, Clerihan, at Cashel on September 28. 

The venue for the final was Gaile, which is about a half-mile from the border of Moycarkey-Borris parish. It was probably as close as it was possible to get to Moycarkey without actually playing the match in the parish! Admission to the game was one shilling and the sideline was sixpence extra. 

Paddy O'Sullivan of Lorrha remembered the occasion for me. The team and supporters went to the match by hired car. The supporters numbered seven, Tommy Carroll, Kitty O'Sullivan, Martin Lewis, Patrick O'Meara, Paul Boucher, Son Ryan and one other, whose name escaped him. 

There was a crowd of about 1,000 present and the referee (whose name is not remembered) let everything run. Lorrha played a great game and needed to be good to beat Moycarkey. 

Paddy, who was playing centreback, retired five minutes into the second-half. When he later went into the doctor in Thurles to have the injury seen to, the doctor, on hearing of the match, said: 'I can expect more so.' (This gives credence to Mickey Byrne's quip at Sunday's get-together that, if the grove of trees were still there they'd be skin and hair growing out of them.) 

Lorrha survived to win and the team, according to Paddy's memory was as follows: Paddy Maher, Des Donoghue, Mick Donoghue, Mick O'Meara (L), Billy Hogan, Paddy O'Sullivan, Tom Lambe, Hubie Hogan and Eugene O'Meara, Tommy Ryan, Dan O'Meara, Jim O'Meara, 

Paddy Guinan, Mick O'Meara, Vincent Darcy. Mick Brophy, who was a key player at the time, had his appendix out earlier in the year and missed the match. 

The Moycarkey-Borris team that defeated Thurles Kickhams in the mid final was as follows: John Power, Eddie Power, Willie Power, Jim Power, Pat Hackett, Tom Hackett, Larry Ryan, Timmy Ryan, Willie Dempsey, Johnny Mockler, Martin Kennedy, Michael Ryan, James O'Grady, Tony Molloy, Matty Bannon, Neddy McCormack. 

The Lorrha lads went home after the match and there were no celebrations. In fact, Paddy claims that there were people in the parish who didn't know for years afterwards that Lorrha had won a county final! 

Yours sincerely,

Seamus J. King 

 

<span class="postTitle">Paul Delaney</span> Hogan Stand, July 19, 1991

Paul Delaney

Hogan Stand, July 19, 1991

Paul Delaney

Paul Delaney

One of the most memorable moments in the recent drawn Munster hurling final at Pairc Ui Chaoimh was the re-action of the crowd to John Fitzgibbon's goal, the fourth for Cork, in the 54th minute of the game. Viewed from the Covered Stand the effect on the supporters at the Blackrock end and in the Uncovered Stand was incredible. It was as if a bomb had gone off and the crowd became airborne so great was the eruption of bodies.

From a Cork point of view it was a marvellous moment and surely a nail in the coffin of Tipperary hopes. It was a tremendous goal, one in a million, hit with speed and strength and it rattled the net to the consternation of the Tipperary defence. It was a typically Cork goal, in the mould of a John Fenton or a Jimmy Barry-Murphy, a goal that a backline and goalie are unprepared for because it is unexpected.


The goal resulted from poor defensive work on the part of the Tipperary backs, particularly John Madden, who took a swipe at the ball across the goal immediately beforehand and failed to connect. It came outside the square to the waiting John Fitzgibbon, who hit it on his left to the back of the net. As it made its way to the net it passed through the legs of the advancing Paul Delaney. How did it feel? 'Not very good. It was a major blow and it put them seven points ahead. But we didn't let out heads drop like we did last year. We were determined to come back, and we did.'


The Tipperary full-back line didn't have the happiest of games on the day. Paul admits that they were very edgy in the opening minutes and that the early goals prevented them from settling down. 'If we had got ten minutes or so, w'ed have found our feet and we mightn't have given away so much.' In fact, Paul did settle down in the second quarter and played an effective game for the remainder of the match. He admits that he had a tough game on John Fitzgibbon and that the player is quite tricky to look after. Other observers of Fitzgibbon would regard him as the smartest attacker that Cork have.
 

Skill and Intelligence

If John Fitzgibbon is a smart forward it is probably true to say that in Paul Delaney he is up against a very smart defender. He is a player with many strengths and few weaknesses. He is a very athletic player, exceptionally good on his feet and with a good sidestep. Not very big in size - he is a little taller than Tadgh O'Connor, after whom he seems to have modelled his play - he makes up for the disadvantage with his dash and his burst of speed. He is a good reader of the game and very able at anticipating the break of the ball. He is keen, a good attender at training sessions and, though he takes a drink, is well able to get into shape. Not only is he a skilful hurler but he is also a very able footballer, which he plays predominantly for pleasure and relaxation even though, if he turned his full attention to it, he could make it in that game also. Latterly, he has taken up golf at which he is improving and growing in confidence.


His lack of height is a handicap rather than a weakness. There's a bit of Jim Devitt in his play, in his ability to strike quickly and well in a small area. He's a deceptive player. He plays hurling all the time and yet his opponents will admit that he can tackle as hard and as tenaciously as most. He seems to be able to play well without apparently putting a great deal into the game.
 

Motivation

On the field of play Paul Delaney reveals skill, ability and intelligence. There is no way an unintelligent player could play as well as he does. Also he is highly motivated, good to train and committed to his fellow players. One thing that worries his admirers is his failure to carry that motivation and intelligence into his working life. Unemployed at the moment and the holder of a number of jobs in the past it appears that some of his attitude is wrong. Paul answers his critics by stating that the proper opportunity for a steady job hasn't arisen. He has worked with Roscrea Meats but much of the work is seasonal. He has held other jobs and recently spent eight months in the U.S. This aspect of his life and his dropping from the county panel prior to the All-Ireland in 1989 makes Paul a 'controversial' figure in some people's eyes.


The 1989 episode centred around his playing with a London club without being properly transferred to do so. Was he bitter about the episode? 'Yes, at the time I was. I felt that Tony Keady and I were treated as scapegoats. Hundreds of players were going across to play with English clubs and none of them was properly transferred. Why pick on the two of us? It was very unfair. However, his attitude has mellowed in the meantime and the bitterness is no longer there. I suppose he was millified by getting an All-Ireland medal despite being dropped from the panel.
 

Corner Back

Today Paul Delaney has an established position at right corner back. His is miscast in this position. His proper place is left half-back and he played all his hurling up to 1988 either in that position or at centreback. In fact he is playing centrefield for his club, Roscrea, at the present. He would prefer the position outside. According to him there is more freedom in the half-back line. One can get more involved in the game and one can contribute to the forwards by moving up the field. One can enjoy the game more on the wing. In contrast the corner position is more of a stopping role. One has to mark closely and watch the corner-forward closely. There is less opportunity to contribute. He is still learning the corner position but has accepted it as his place in the future.


Babs Keating has informed him that he is needed in there and he accepts that. The attitude contrasts with his reaction to Babs telling him to move back there in the 1987 All-Ireland semi-final. He didn't like the request and reacted strongly against it. Yet, he played a good game on Eanna Ryan. Talking of Eanna Ryan Paul regards him as one of his most skilful opponents. Another is Michael McGrath. An interesting comment on the strength of Galway hurling. The player he admires most is Nicky English. He loves to see him play. He was disappointed with his inaccuracy in the drawn game but can't see him as bad again.


Asked about this greatest games he remembers two with pleasure. The first of these was the 1988 All-Ireland in which Tipperary had the edge in numbers and in fervour but Galway got the result that mattered. The second display he remembers with relish was that against Waterford in the 1989 championship.
 

Achievements

1989 should have been the glory year for Paul Delaney but his dropping from the panel after the semi-final against Galway prevented that. His position had been queried through a Press item soon after the Galway game and the selectors deemed it better to drop him from the panel. However, he got his All-Ireland medal to add to his Munster victories in 1987 and 1988. In the latter year he also won a National League medal. He had made his appearance at the senior grade in the 1986-87 league and had established himself as a regular by the time the '87 championship Before graduating to senior ranks he played under-21 for three years. In 1985 he won All-Ireland honours but Limerick prevented Tipperary getting out of Munster in the next two years. In 1984 he played on the minor team that lost to a hard-hitting and most determined Limerick side, which went on to take All-Ireland honours. In the same year Paul captained Roscrea to win the county minor final against Kickhams. In the previous year he was centreback on the side that was beaten by Moycarkey-Borris in a replayed county final. He came on to the Roscrea senior side in 1985 and suffered defeat in both the divisional and county finals at the hands of Kilruane-MacDonaghs, who went on to win the club All-Ireland.


His ambition is to win a county senior final with Roscrea. To do so this year would be even better, since he is captain of the team. He is still a young player, 24 years old last November. Recently, he married an American-born girl, Kathleen Quinn, whose father hails from Bansha. He is hopeful of winning the replay on Sunday and believes they will be able to eliminate some of the errors in the drawn game. He hopes to be sharper and crisper in his play and to win his fourth Munster senior hurling final.

<span class="postTitle">Hurling, South-East Galway and the First All-Ireland</span> Talk given to History Society, Eyrecourt, circa 1991

Hurling, South-East Galway and the First All-Ireland

Talk given to History Society, Eyrecourt, circa 1991

 

It was only to be expected that a team from Galway should participate in the first All-Ireland championship. The game of hurling was played there from time immemorial and, in the nineteenth century, was particularly strong in the south and east of the county. Teams from Meelick and Kill­imor crossed the Shannon to play against the men of Tipperary and Offaly. In a letter to the editor of the 'lrish World' on September 15, 1888 'A Galway Man' had this to say about the area: 'Many readers of the 'Irish World', residing in this country, can call up pleasant memories of hard­-fought games some 30 or 40 years ago between the men of Tipperary and Galway on the verdant sod of Shannon's banks, stretching from Portumna to Meelick, having for a background the ancient Castle of Redwood, standing out in bold relief against the green hillsides of noble Tipperary.' 

Michael Cusack had learned of this hurling tradition in south-east Galway from his early teaching days in Lough Cutra school not far from Gort. Later, in 1883, when he began to re-organise athletics in the country, so that they would be open to everyone, his call was answered in the town of Killimor through the exertions of F. W. Lynch and Patrick Larkin and a few others and the game of hurling was organised in the area. When Cusack founded the Metropolitan hurling club in Dublin the Gaels of east Galway issued a challenge to the Dublin men. The 'Galway Manl, mentioned above, takes up the story in his very colourful way: 

'Mr. Lynch, acting with great spirit, hastened to the neighbouring town of Ballinasloe and put the matter before a few Nationalists there, among whom was the then secretary of the Land League. With a right good will the Ballinasloe men went to work,' and despite the warnings and intimidations of every hire1ing and supporter of Dublin Castle living in the town, the inhabitants subscribed a very elegant challenge cup, which gave Captain Lynch great joy, for then he was in a position to invite Mr. Cusack and his picked team of athletes to try friendly conclusions with his own trusted men for the coveted prize. The trysting place selected for the struggle was the historic Fair Green of Ballinasloe. 

'But here again the domineering way of the tyrant was. made. manifest, for did not one of Ireland's accursed absentee vampires, Clancarty, hold illegal possesion of the township property. Notice was served on the Secretary of the League, who was also custodian of the cup, by the bloated representative of this rack-renting landlord, informing him that the awful riotous game of hurling would not.be allowed to be played within th limit of the Fair Green. But this piece of bombast reckoned without his host. The edict of him and his kind was only jeered at. The teaching of lreland's leaders predominated and this same autocrat was answered back that no riotous game was about to be launched, only the game which our fathers gloried in and which their children were going to practice. Seeing that the people were determined to have their wishes accomplished this tyrant thought discretion the better past of valour by consenting to the Fair Green being taken possession-of by the hurlers but as one of her Majesty'e Justices of the Peace, holding the Legal Secretary responsible for any breeches of the peace that might occur. What an inbecile warning!' 

When the game was advertised to be held on a given day, Captain Cusack brought down his team and, in the presence o£ thousands of people, crossed sticks with Captain Lynch's plucky warriors. Goal posts pitched, judges placed, the ball was raised and,as if by magic, a cheer given three times three went up which made the very grounds vibrate. What a magnificent send-off for the national game! With a will as of manor born those splendid specimens of Irish athletes fought for the coveted honour of becoming winners of Ireland's first prize in hurling. Both teams worked determinedly but, withal, brotherly, and after a long and arduous tussle, Captain Cusack's men were obliged to retire from the field of friendly battle defeated but not dishonoured. Great was the joy of Captain Lynch when th judges' fiat was given - Killimor team 1 to Dublin nil.' 


Gaelic Athletic Association

In the following year, when Cusack began to lay plans for the founding of tho Gaelic Athletic Association, he saw the need for support from leaders of Church and State. From his association with south-east Galway he knew of the sterling qualities of the Bishop of Clonfert, Dr. Patrick Duggan. 

He therefore wrote to William J. Duffy of Loughrea, whom he had befriended while the latter was holidaying in Dublin a few years before, and asked him to arrange a deputation to call on Dr. Duggan and ask him to become a patron of the new association. The arrangements -were made and on August 15 a deputation, consisting of Michael Cusack, three Loughrea men, William J. Duffy,_ John P. McCarthy, John Sweeney and Peter J. Kelly of KiLleen­adeema and Michael Gleenon of Kilchreest called on his Lordship. Dr. Duggan was then seventy-one years of age, was in rather poor health and had al­ready offered his resignation to the Pope. However, he was delighted to hear of the founding of th association and promised to do all h could to promote its success. But, he delcined to act as patron and advised them to ask Dr. Croke, Archbishop of Cashel, 'a fine Gael, young, vigorous and energetic' to become the first patron of the new body. And, so, Cusack came to Thurles and the rest is history.


First All-Ireland 

For the first three years the activities of the new Association were con­fined to tournament and challenge games. Not until 1887 was the first All-­Ireland hurling championship organised. Twelve counties entered but only five contested the championship. Tipperary, represented by Thurles, beat Clare (Smith O'Brien's) and Kilkenny (Tullaroan). Galway, represented by Meelick, defeated Wexford (Castlebridge) on July 24 at Elm Park. More than lO,0OO people watched the match. A reporter wrote: 'There was a good deal of heated temper on both sides. The conduct of the Wexford men was severe­ly censured by most of those present. One incidsnt of the day's proceedings cannot be too highly valued. Lord Ffrench, when he heard of the great victory of Galway, directed his steward, Mr. Balfe, to go to the Midland Hotel and hand from him £3 to treat the team and also £2 to be given to one of the men, who lost two teeth with the blow of a hurl. Wexford had got the first goal but Meelick beat them by eight goals after. To cover the expenses of the trip to Dublin the parish priest, Fr. Kirwan, gave £14 to the team.

The final wasn't played until April 1, 1888. The venue was Hoare's field in Birr, quite close to the present hurling field, and the referee was Patrick White from the town, but originally from the parish of Toomevara.

The Meelick team consisted of twelve men from Meelick and nine from Killimor. The two parishes had joined up as a result of three games they had played against one another the year before in the championship. These games were played in Greenfield, which belonged to Ryders and had ended in a draw. Since they couldn't beat one another they decided to join together. In the 1887 Galway championship they beat Kilbecanty in the semi-final and Ardrahan in the final. The score in the latter was 2-6 to 2-3.

The Meelick men on the team were Pat Madden, who was the captain and one of the famous Maddens of the area, Patrick Cullen, Mike Manning, John Colohan, John Scally, Willie Madden, Tom Hanley, James Kelly, Pat Manning, Jim Connolly, John Cosgrove and Arthur Cosgrove. The Killimor men were John Lowry, John Callinan, Pat Haverty, Tom Foley, Owen Griffin, Patrick Larkin, John Manning, Charlie Melody and John Sanders. According to local tradition only Fenians could get on the team. There was one fine player in the area, named Burke, who failed to get selected because he wasn't a Fenian.

There are three nephews of Patrick Cullen still living and they relate how the hurleys for the final were made on their kitchen floor. They recall hearing stories of mounds of timber shavings! Patrick Cullen was a carpenter and skipped it to America later as a result of land trouble in the locality. He never returned.


Birr by Brake

All the team, with the exception of John Lowry, who walked all the way from Killimor to Birr, went by McIntyre's brake to the final. When they arrived in the town they heard that Tipperary weren't going to appear. Some say this was a rumour put out by the Tipperary men themselves to get Meelick off guard, but it may have been due to a disagreement which did occur in the Tipperary camp. Whatever the cause the Galway men went for some drink and, while they were indulging, heard that Tipperary were ready.

Both teams togged out in Cunningham's Hotel and then marched to the field. Togging out is probably a misnomer as it is generally accepted that the Galway men played in their shirts and trousers. Each player wore a green knitted cap with a tassel on it. Meelick were led by their non-playing captain, James Lynam, who held the military rank of captain, having fought in the American civil war. Although a noted pugilist, he was regarded as a nice quiet man. His fanily came from Rahan in Co. Offaly and he had a farm in Eyrecourt. Later, in the 1890s, he was to contest unsuccessfully the East Galway seat in the Parnellite interest against John Roche, M.P.

The first All-Ireland final was fought at a fierce pace. One of the Thurles players got a blow on the nose and had to be carried off. As a result of this incident, John Lowry, the man who walked from Killimor and who played at fullback, was taken off by Captain Lynam. He was none too pleased with the decision because, for some time thereafter, until he was warned by the referee, he would dart on to the field and take part in the play.

Meelick were defeated by a goal and a point and one forfeit point to nil. They have never since been listed as Galway county senior hurling champions. But, because of their historic participation in the first All-Ireland, the name of the small village on the west bank of the River Shannon and the tradition it represented in south-east Galway will live for ever in the annals of the G.A.A.

 

<span class="postTitle">The Bonnar Team</span> Magical Tipperary: The Best of Ireland 1989, p 44

The Bonnar Team

Magical Tipperary: The Best of Ireland 1989, p 44

The Bonnars are known the length and breadth of Ireland as a result of their exploits with the Tipperary senior hurling team during 1989. What may not be known is that Cormac, Colm and Conal come from a large family of thirteen children and that the rest of them, boys and girls, have also made notable contributions to the games of hurling and football , camogie and handball. 

Their father and mother, as well, have played games with distinction. Pierce won a Donegal junior football medal with Red Hughs in 1947 and Maureen achieved distinction with Crossroads camogie team in 1948. The following is an attempt to introduce you to all the members of the team, to line them out as they might have played together and to inform you of their important achievements.

Pierce: County Donegal junior football medal 1947

Pierce: County Donegal junior football medal 1947

Brendan: 3 minor county medals and 3 west senior hurling medal

Brendan: 3 minor county medals and 3 west senior hurling medal

Niamh: 4 in a row camogie county finals

Niamh: 4 in a row camogie county finals

Triona: 3 All-Ireland Community Gold Medals in Handball, 3 All-Ireland Tailteann Games Gold Medals in Handball

Triona: 3 All-Ireland Community Gold Medals in Handball, 3 All-Ireland Tailteann Games Gold Medals in Handball

Cormac: 2 All-Ireland Under 21 medals in 1979 and 1980. All-Ireland senior hurling medal 1989

Cormac: 2 All-Ireland Under 21 medals in 1979 and 1980. All-Ireland senior hurling medal 1989

Maureen: Camogie medal with Crossroads, Donegal in 1948

Maureen: Camogie medal with Crossroads, Donegal in 1948

Conal: Minor, Under 21 and Senior Munster hurling medals, Under 21 and Senior All-Ireland Medals, All Star Award 1989

Conal: Minor, Under 21 and Senior Munster hurling medals, Under 21 and Senior All-Ireland Medals, All Star Award 1989

Colm: Eight Munster Hurling medals in 8 years, 3 All-Irelands and 1 All-Star Award

Colm: Eight Munster Hurling medals in 8 years, 3 All-Irelands and 1 All-Star Award

Eithne: 4 All-Ireland Schools Camogie medals in 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978

Eithne: 4 All-Ireland Schools Camogie medals in 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978

Kieran: Won football medal in Gaeltacht

Kieran: Won football medal in Gaeltacht

Nuala: 1977 National Camogie League medal with Tipperary

Nuala: 1977 National Camogie League medal with Tipperary

Mary: Three under-16 county camogie medals

Mary: Three under-16 county camogie medals

Ann: Two Anne Frazer Cup Medals in camogie

Ann: Two Anne Frazer Cup Medals in camogie

Ailbe: Two county minor hurling medals in 1988 and 1989

Ailbe: Two county minor hurling medals in 1988 and 1989

Philomena: County gymnastics, basketball and camogie medals

Philomena: County gymnastics, basketball and camogie medals

 

 

<span class="postTitle">Tipp G.A.A. Story 1935-1984 Book Launch Speech</span> Sarsfield's Social centre, Thurles on August 12, 1988

Tipp G.A.A. Story 1935-1984 Book Launch Speech

Sarsfield's Social centre, Thurles on August 12, 1988

 

Chairman, Your Grace, distinguished speakers, guests, ladies and gentlemen. 

You can't judge a book by the cover, even one as attractively designed as this one is by Liam O'Donnchu, and most of you have seen no farther than the dust jacket. My wish is when you have browsed through it at your leisure or studied it in depth your praise will be confirmed.

There's a fine crowd of you present this evening and I want to thank you all for honouring the occasion by your presence. I should like to single out a few whom I'm particularly pleased to see among you 

One of the profiles in the book is of the legendary Bill Ryan of Laha by Martin Bourke. It is really great that a man of his age and achievements in football should be with us. He is our last surviving senior All-Ireland football player and he has three Munster senior football medals as well.. His profile is illustrated by two photographs which reveal the extent of the man's longevity. 

The first is of the Castleiney and Templetuohy United senior football team which won the county championship in 1914. Reclining in the front row is Bill Ryan. The second I took myself in Cashel last November. Bill is about to throw in the ball in the centenary senior football final between Commercials and Lough­more-Castleiney. When he arrived that day at Leahy Park I approached him about throwing in the ball. He was very loath. He didn't want to create any fuss. He'd prefer not too. But we persuaded him and he did. However, before he did he had to go into the Loughmore-Castleiney dressingroom to give a few words of encouragement to the lads.

Bill! Thank you for doing Cashel an honour on that day and for bringing honour and distinction to this occasion. 


The Henman of Clanrickarde

There's a second nonagenerarian who couldn't be with us at the last minute, Tom Duffy, from my native parish of Lorrha. He also has a link with 1914. In my Lorrha book there is a picture of the team that won the north championship in that year. Standing in the back row is the sturdy young Tom with a defiant look on his face. Today, with legs less sturdy but with spirit unbowed he's a link with one of the three Tipperary teams which defeated Galway in an All-Ireland. You better watch out, Cyril Farrell, and remember 1887, 1925 and 1958. 

Last Sunday week there was a reenactment of the first All-Ireland between Meelick and Thurles Sarsfields at Meelick. It was a 2l-a-side game using 1885 G.A.A. Rules. The ball was thrown in by Jim Power of Tynagh who captained the Galway team for a number of years in the mid-twenties. Tom Duffy was a guest of honour on the occasion and he renewed acquaintance with Jim Power after a lapse of over sixty years. The last time they had met was some year in the mid-twenties - neither of them could remember the exact one - when Tom won a county final with Tynagh. 

At that time there was some smuggling of players across the Shannon. Tom had been contacted by the great Ignatius Harney and took a taxi from Birr for the game. Before it began, they were pucking about and Tom was striking very impressively. Harney rushed in and said to him: 'Stop, Tom, they'll notice you.' 

There was an interesting sequel to this game. Tom, alias Joe Hynes, an egg buyer for the Clan­rickarde Estate, was picked to play for Galway. He was referred to in despatches as 'The Henman for Clanrickarde' and word was sent back to the selectors that 'the Henman is gone away'. And, he was gone because Jim Power drove him back to Rathcabbin after the match and they didn't meet again until last Sunday week. 

In referring to Bill and Tom I should like to misquote Shakespeare's Antony and Cleapatra: 

Age does not wither them not time dim their indomitable spirits. 

Neither does it dim the vision nor trim the step of another ancient here present, Jerry O'Keeffe, who is as old as this century. He strides like a colossus across the pages of Tipperary G.A.A. history. As Seamus Leahy mentions in his profile of Jerry: 'Few are alive today who can match his experience in G.A.A. affairs and there are few who can even recall some of the events of G.A.A. history in which he participated. ' 

There is one other I should like to mention on this historical occasion. This book is about recording the past for posterity. In 1970 an important decision was taken to produce a County G.A.A. Yearbook. Since then tremendous strides have been made in the recording of the past and in the preservation of records. The man responsible for that develop­ment was Seamus O'Riain, who was then chairman of the County Board. I am delighted to have him present this evening to see some of his ideas come to fruition in this publication. 


First History Since Fogarty

In mentioning the older and more distinguished is not to take from the achievements and distinctions of the younger. This book is about what has taken place. The younger among you and the present team are now making the history that will be written on some future occasion. 

This is the first county history to be produced in Tipperary since Canon Fogarty's book on the first fifty years appeared in 1960. Many of you are wondering what to expect. My intention in this book was to record as faithfully as possible the happenings of the Association within the county over half a century. These happenings include not only hurling and football but also many ancillary activities. They also include information on the administration of the games and other boardroom activities. In that these pages include as comprehensive a record as possible of every­thing relating to the Association within the county as well as the impact of Tipperary men and women outside the county. I believe I have assembled an impressive record. What is not included I failed to find. The selection I made was based on what I considered to be significant 

The second thing I aimed at was to make the material as interesting as possible. Most of you are aware that the reportage of games can by boring if you haven't got a specific interest in their outcome. I have tried to make this book interesting by bringing in as much of the human interest as possible without deviating from history. Ultimately you will be the judges of how I have succeeded.


Significance of Book

On an occasion such as this one is expected to say something profound. I have been searching for suitable profundities over the past few days and have failed to find any. For the past few years I have been writing extensively on G.A.A. matters and the more I become involved in the sub­ject the greater the need I see.for much more extensive work in the area of communication. I'll put it in a simple way. If my son, Ruadhan, wants to find out anything about Arsenal he has several reference books on the subject. There is no such reference section in the G.A.A. If I phone Croke Park about Munster championship results in 1934 they have no record of them. This book is an attempt to fill the void and to provide a suitable reference work for this county. There should be similar works for every county and every parish in the country. The oral tradition fulfilled the purpose in the past but it is no longer sufficient. 

The preservation of the past hasn't been given sufficient emphasis. There is no G.A.A. museum. Children who visit Croke Park on a school tour have nothing to see but a fine stadium. There is no place where they can see mementoes of' the past. There is no suitable place for the exhibition of the Sam Maguire Cup, which was presented for the last time in 1987. I understand there is a debate going on in G.A.A. circles about such a museum. If there is such an intention it is none too timely.


Meaning of the G.A.A. 

But the G.A.A. is much more than historical record and the exhibition of the past. For me it is many things. It is the exhilaration of playing the game - albeit but a memory now - and the excitement of watching others play. It's the mad race after the ball and the clash of bodies as well as ash. It's the roar of the goal that comes after some great endeavour. But it's also the preview of the game, the expectant talk, the speculat­ion, the projections that never work out. A Clare friend of mine, Mich­ael Hogan, once said to me that he loved a draw because it gave one another week's talk. 

There is also the lift a victory can bring to a parish or a county. We were on high doh after our victory in the Munster final last year. The excitement on the road to Dublin for the All-Ireland semi-final was palpable. I shall ever remember the full-throated singing of Slievenamon in McGrath's pub before the game. At the parish level the excitement can be as intense. Our victory over Clonoulty-Rossmore is the west this year gave Cashel its greatest lift in eight years. 

These are the excitements of high summer. I also enjoy the game in the dead of winter. A league game in Newross or Tulla can lift the depression of a winter Sunday. I shall never forget the day in Tulla in the mid seventies when we failed to score from play. Joe McDonnell, Martin Cummins and myself braved the elements and watched in the wind and the rain as we scored three miserable points from frees. But we forgot it all in Minogue's pub afterwards when we agreed that we had reached the nadir and that we had no lower to go. Little did we know. 

The Association inspires tremendous loyalty and an extraordinary amount of dedicated work. Every club has its dedicated servants. They stand out like beacons to others and they give their all for the love of the game and their love of the club. Without them we could not carry on. Sadly they are the unsung heroes of so many clubs. Every club has got its Pierce Bonnars and its Paddy Greaneys and we are extremely lucky to have two of them in Cashel. 

I have deviated a bit but they are things that need to be said. To return to the present I should like to thank a few people. My family, who have seen my back at the writing table on many occasions over the past two years. The chairman of the Communications Committee, Mick McCarthy and Secretary, Liam O'Donnchu, who gave me absolute support and encouragement. The Leinster Leader, especially Brendan Ellis and Michael Kane, who were always perfect gentlemen. Mick Frawley, who as chairman in 1984 encouraged the idea of updating Canon Fogarty, Mick Lowry, who gave every encouragement to the project and Noel Morris who continued that support when he came into office last January. I should like to thank my fellow members of the county board for supporting the project and Tipperary Co-Op for their generous sponsorship.

It is with a great feeling of relief I see this county history completed. The finished product has been worth the long hours of slog. I am delighted that Babs and his Bahes, by their victories to date, have made this year an exciting one for Tipperary hurling and provided an appropriate backdrop to the launching of this work. I am also happy to have some to the end of my speech and to give everyone an opportunity to enjoy the remainder of the evening. 

 

 

 

<span class="postTitle">The Shooting of Sergeant Brady</span> Cois Deirge, no. 18, 1986/87, pp 44-53

The Shooting of Sergeant Brady

Cois Deirge, no. 18, 1986/87, pp 44-53

On September 2, 1919 Sergeant Brady, accompanied by Constable Foley and Constable McCormack, left Lorrha barracks at about 10.30 p.m. on a routine night patrol along the Lorrha-Carrigahorig road. Sergeant Brady was armed with a revolver and the two constables with carbines. The patrol got as far as Carrigahorig crossroads about 11.30 p.m. and turned back. On the return journey they sat down on a wall near two cottages. After the rest they continued their journey and it was uneventful until they reached trench's gate, at the bottom of a hill about half-a-mile from Lorrha. It wasn't a dark night and it was not raining or misty. Constable Foley was on the right, next the gate, Sergeant Brady in the centre and Constable McCormack on the left side. As they approached the gate Constable Foley heard a rustle and turned sharply to his right. Sergeant Brady turned immediately after him. At that instant two shots rang out from the direction of the noise and as they did Sergeant Brady shouted: 'Oh, Lord, I am shot'. A further shot followed and wounded Constable Foley. The latter dropped his rifle and left the scene. He did not reappear until six o'clock the following morning. Immediately after the shooting Constable McCormack went to the aid of Sergeant Brady and found that he was dead. He called Constable Foley's name but got no reply. He then moved the body of the sergeant from the road to the grass margin and returned to Lorrha barracks to report the matter. 

A force of police from Lorrha quickly visited the scene and Rev. Fr. Gleeson, P.P. was summoned. He found Sergeant Brady lying by the roadside surrounded by armed police and not knowing whether life was extinct or not gave conditional absolution. A search was made for Constable Foley but without effect. Two policemen were left to guard the body. Two plainclothes policemen were dispatched to Borrisokane for help. Early the following morning military were poured into the district. Searches of houses were begun at six o'clock. One of the houses visited was that of Mr. Felix Cronin who was asked if he played on the Boherlahan and Toomevara hurling teams. When he answered in the affirmative the police questioned him about his movements the previous night and if he had any 'stuff' in the house. The police searched a portion of the house and went away. Another to be questioned was Denis Britt, who was taken to the barracks but released after a short time. Mr. John Dillon, The Glebe Lodge, was also accosted by the police qnd requested to go to the barracks. Mr. J.J. Madden, a native of Lackeen and a well known local hurler was arrested at Gortahaha, Portumna and brought to Lorrha by police lorry about midday. 

Constable Foley returned to Lorrha barracks in a motor car on Wednesday morning and when seen there appeared to be quite cool and fairly well recovered. Afterwards he was taken to Borrisokane where he was medically treated by Dr. Quigley. He was detained at Borrisokane hospital. When Constable Foley left the scene of the shooting he was without his rifle, which he dropped when he was hit on the hand and chest. He went down Annagh lane, on the opposite side, about fifty yards from where the shooting took place: He called at the first house, owned by Hodgins, but got no reply. He continued to the next house, owned by Patrick Carroll and was admitted where he received some help. He stayed there for the remainder of the night and at break of day he returned to the scene of the murder, where he made a statement to the police. After this he was conveyed to Lorrha barracks. 
 

Medical Examinations


Dr. F.S. Brennan, M.O., Terryglass was awakened on Wednesday morning by the police and he proceeded to the scene of the shooting. He found Sergeant Brady lying on the side of the road and pronounced him dead. He looked at the body and found five holes opened on the breast. Blood was slightly oozing from the perforations in the body. Later, that morning, he examined Constable Foley at Lorrha barracks and found his left hand shattered with pellets. He also found one small opening under the right nipple caused by a pellet from a gun. The constable was very excited or nervous at the time. Later on Wednesday the body of Sergeant Brady was conveyed to Borrisokane on a military ambulance. 

Sergeant Philip Brady had arrived at Lorrha on temporary duty on the previous Saturday, August 30th. He had come from Enniskillen, where his wife and six children still remained. He was born at Redhills, Co. Cavan in 1871 and had joined the R.I.C. in 1891. His twenty-eight and a half years in the force were an unblemished record. He had come to Lorrha from Enniskillen. His wife was thirty-seven years of age and their six children ranged in age from eleven and a half down to two and a half. At the time of his death he was earning £132.12.0, exclusive of war bonus and allowance. According to his wife her husband handed over his monthly pay to her with which she defrayed her household expenses. He never required any money only the odd shilling. He did not smoke or drink. Between them both they had saved £200 with which they intended to start a drapery business in the north of Ireland. She had a joint policy taken out on their lives for £200. Constables Foley and McCormack were both about thirty years of age and unmarried. The former was a native of Bagnalstown and the latter had come on duty from Belfast. Foley had been stationed in Lorrha for two years and McCormack since July 5th. 

On Thursday the 'Irish Independent', in a sub-leader, entitled 'Cold-blooded Murder', said: 'In a most cold-blooded and brutal fashion a police sergeant was shot dead and a constable dangerously wounded near Borrisokane, Co. Tipperary on Tuesday night. The sergeant had been only four days in the district. Dastardly criminals like these cannot be too strongly condemned. Repeating the words uttered by Cardinal Logue recently, we say: 'Anyone who committed crime showed himself to be a greater enemy of Ireland than even Lloyd George, Carson Bonar' Law, or the rest of them. If they committed crime they gave strength to the enemy'. We have had too many of these wicked deeds; all, or nearly all, committed with callous pre-meditation. Such violations of the law of God are shocking.' 

On the same day the inquest on the remains of Sergeant Brady was opened in the boardroom of the Borrisokane Workhouse by Mr. James O'Brien, solicitor and coroner for North Tipperary. Mr. Dudgeon, District Inspector, conducted he proceedings on behalf of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The members of the jury were: George Hobbs, J.P., (foreman), T.P. Heenan, F. Dillon, Patrick Brereton, Patrick Flannery, James Cahalan, James Reade, Thomas Cleary, P. Heenan, Chairman Borrisokane Guardians, Michael Ryan, J.A. Phelan, J. Crawford, Wm. Fogarty, P.J. Donoghue. 

The body was identified by Mr. Edward Brady, brother of the deceased. Constable McCormack gave evidence on the happenings of the evening of the shooting and averred that the shots were fired about 11.45 and had come through the gate. In the course of his evidence Dr. Brennan informed the jury that in his opinion death was due. to shock and hemorrhage from rupture of the auricles of the heart, caused by gunshot wounds. The shot used was in his opinion larger than that used in an ordinary shotgun. 

When the evidence was heard the coroner addressed the jury and asked them to determine the cause of death and if possible to find by whom caused. The jury found in accordance with the medical evidence and that Sergeant Brady was wilfully murdered by some person or persons unknown. Sympathy with the relatives was expressed and the murder condemned in the strongest possible manner. The remains of the deceased were subsequently conveyed for interment to Kilougher, Co. Cavan. The funeral was attended by a large number of police in addition to the relatives of the deceased. 

Fr. Gleeson had attended the dead man on Tuesday night. On the following day, in an interview, he expressed shock at what had happened. Lorrha was the quietest parish he knew. He knew all the people of the parish intimately and could not believe that those who fired the shots were to be numbered among his flock. Those who were responsible for the deed must have come from outside the parish. On the following Sunday, however, he made an extremely strong denunciation of the shooting. In the course of a lengthy sermon he said: 'The sin of Cain has been committed in the peaceable parish of Lorrha; the widow and children have been plunged into lifelong grief by the murder of the father. The brand of Cain lies on the assassins who, standing behind a wall, slew an innocent man, almost at our own doors, on Tuesday night, and the shadow of that crime will hang over the parish for many generations. The murderers, if they escape human justices, will not escape divine justice,and, while they live the face of the dead innocent man - the good father and good Christian will haunt their memory, and they will walk like Cain, fugitives of the earth. Their fate is worse than the fate of the man who has been murdered. I do not know who the murderers are, but I now denounce them, and God will punish them". He continued that there was no moral sanction for such murders, that the people of Ireland would never approve of bloodshed and that the freedom of martyred Ireland would never be achieved by midnight assassination. Crime would never solve anything. "The persons who commit murder are not fit to live. They should be removed from the earth. Every crime must be explained and the expiation of death is death". He concluded by stating how the parish had been changed by this heinous crime and how the future could never be the same or the dead restored to life. He prayed for the dead man and his wife and orphans and he cursed the murderers: "May the curse of Cain, the curse of the widow and orphans, the curse of the priest and the curse of God fall on those who are guilty of this murder and may God have mercy on their souls". 

This sermon got national publicity but it also got an immediate response from Rev. Fr. J.L. Magee, P.P., Moate in the form of a letter that appeared in the 'Freeman's Journal', the following Wednesday. In this letter Fr. Magee said that Fr. Gleeson was justified in denouncing the murder but was wrong to make direct insinuations against the Irish character and to accuse the people of his own parish of a deed for which nobody has as yet been found guilty. He regarded much of his language as unchristian and unpatriotic. He concluded: "As regards Fr. Gleeson's invocation of curses - perhaps the less said the better. The Author of Creation has reserved such matters to himself and Fr. Gleeson might do well to respect that monopoly. I protest against the whole tone of Fr. Gleeson's letter in this, not that it denounces crime, but that it at once assumes his own fellow countrymen guilty of the crime, and without proof proceeds to denounce and blacken them. That spirit, the remnants of a slave spirit still lurking among us, is entirely out of place at present, unchristian and unpatriotic. When our own countrymen are coldly murdered by the agents of a foreign power in Ireland, we hear but little from those in a position to denounce the crimes. Why this differentiation? Is it cowardice?"

As a result of the police activity John Joe Madden, who had been arrested at Portumna, appeared at a special court at Borrisokane on Wednesday afternoon before Major Dease, R.M. and was charged with the murder of Sergeant Brady at Lorrha on 2nd or 3rd of September and with the wounding of Constable Foley. Evidence was given by the latter and Madden was remanded in custody for eight days and taken under escort to Limerick jail. On the same day a party of police visited the licensed premises of Mr. Milne, publican, Crinkle, and questioned Mrs. Milne and household. The reason was that a letter from a Miss Keegan, Mr. Milne's assistant, had been found on Madden, when he was arrested and the police were making inquiries about his movements. 

On the following day, Thursday, the ordinary monthly court was held at Lorrha. The magistrates were: Col. Head, presiding, Major Dease, R.M., Capt. Stoney and Mr. J.C. Willington, B.L.. The chairman proposed a resolution condemning the murder of Sergeant Brady, which he saw as part of a general conspiracy against the police. The other magistrates agreed with the resolution and the court was adjourned. The cases listed for hearing on that day were of a very trivial nature. There were three summoneses by the School Attendance Officer against parents for not sending their children to school. Sergeant Greene (who preceded Sergeant Brady) had a summons against an Annagh man for having an unlicensed dog, and Constable Foley (the injured man) had two summonses for not having lights. One of these was against John J. Madden , Abbeville (who had been arrested) for not having a light at 10.45 p.m. on the 9th August at Lissagadda.

John Joe Madden was detained in Limerick prison until November 1 when he appeared at a special court at Nenagh before Major Bredin, R.M., Birr. He was charged with the murder of Sergeant Brady on September 2nd or 3rd and with feloniously wounding Constable Foley on the same occasion. A detachment of armed military and police took up a position outside the courthouse and admittance to the building was limited to the relatives and friends of the deceased. The prisoner looked in the best of health and appeared unconcerned throughout the proceedings, smiling to his friends in court. Mr. Michael Gleeson, C.S. prosecuted and the defendant was represented by M.J.J. Kearns, solicitor, Portumna. 

Constable Foley was the first witness and he related the events of the evening of September 2nd when Sergeant Brady, Constable McCormack and himself were returning from a routine patrol along the Carrigahorig road. It was a clear night and possible to recognise a man at fifty yards. As soon as Sergeant Brady was shot Constable Foley looked in the direction of the shots and saw the form of a man with his two hands extended, shouting 'Hands Up'. He also saw the form of four other persons appearing over the wall. The man who shouted 'Hands Up' was nearest to the gate. "I identify that man as the accused, John Madden, now in custody. I am quite clear as to the identification of that man. I was about three and a half yards from him when he shouted the words. The night was clear and the moon was shining". He continued that he was then hit on the hand and chest but "when I was struck I stood on the road for a moment staring at Madden and he kept staring at me. I only kept my eyes on the one man that I knew". He left the scene and his rifle and when he was about thirty yards away he looked back and saw flashes out of a gun and seven or eight shots. He then went for refuge down Annagh lane. He added that he knew Madden well, having had contact with him on previous occasions. He could even recognise his voice. 

Constable Foley was closely cross-examined by Mr. Kearns. The latter saw a discrepancy between the initial statement made by Foley and his present one. In the earlier one there was no mention of the four men and the third shot. Foley was further questioned about his activities on the day of the shooting. He admitted that he had visited public houses at Borrisokane, Portumna and Lorrha on that day but denied that he was drunk when he went on patrol. Mr. Kearns also commented on the fact that Constable McCormack, who was also on the scene, did not see anybody. He asked Foley how Madden was dressed and if he carried a gun. He was dressed ordinary and he didn't think he carried a gun. He added that he recognised his voice as well. 

Evidence 

In his, evidence Constable McCormack spoke about the clear night. He heard a voice when the shots rang out but didn't know what it said. The shots seemed to come from a double and single-barrel gun. The last he saw of Constable Foley was after he staggered on the other side of the road. After the shots he heard a noise behind the bushes like a lot of persons running through a thicket. The noise was going back towards the Carrigahorig direction. He fired nine or ten shots after them. He stated that Constable Foley was perfectly sober on the patrol. 

Dr. F.S. Brennan gave evidence of examining the body of Sergeant Brady at the scene of the shooting and of examining Constable Foley the following morning in the barracks at Lorrha. Constable Thomas Kilmurray gave evidence that in search of Trench's field, with other constables, on September 5th, he found a single-barrelled shotgun about eighty-four yards from the scene of the shooting. There was a cartridge in the gun and when it was opened the pellets found therein matched those taken from the body of the dead man by Dr. Brennan. Finally, Constable Comiskey gave evidence or arresting John J. Madden and charging him with murder on the farm of his father at Gurtahaha.

On the occasion of the evidence the prisoner pleaded 'not guilty'. He was returned for trial to the next Assizes for the North Riding of Co. Tipperary. Subsequently he was conveyed under a heavy armed military and police escort to Limerick. As he stepped into the military lorry he was loudly cheered by a crowd which had assembled outside the courthouse. His father was present during the proceedings and the court attendance also included a number of clergy. 

John J. Madden was not tried at the next North Tipperary Assizes. Instead on November 13th an order was made directing that the accused be tried by a special jury in the city of Belfast. This decision was appealed by Madden's counsel on the grounds that "the majority of the gentlemen comprising the special jury panel of Belfast belong to political organisations opposed in every way to the views of the class to which it was said the prisoner belonged, or were in entire sympathy with such organisations. He believed that it was impossible for these special jurors to divest themselves of their prejudices. It was not in the interests of justice that an accused person, supposed to belong to a political organisation, should be tried by jurors almost entirely composed of gentlemen belonging to political organisations bitterly hostile to the organisation to which the accused was supposed to belong. He would be satisfied to have the trial held in the County of Dublin". This appeal, heard in the King's Bench Division before the Lord Chief .Justice, Mr. Justice Dodd and Mr. Justice Moore, was granted and the court ordered the venue to be changed to the County of Dublin.

The case eventually came up at Green Street Courthouse on February 9, 1920. There were remarkable military and police arrangements. Madden was conveyed from Mountjoy in a military motor waggon, surrounded by soldiers with fixed bayonets. Other contingents of military followed and upwards of fifty fully armed soldiers were on duty in and around the precincts of the courthouse, while half a dozen sentries paced up and down in front of the building. The entrances were guarded by armed DMP and RIC and admission was strictly limited to witnesses, jurors and others having legitimate business. The gallery of the court was occupied by a score of RIC armed with carbines and revolvers and all the DMP carried automatic pistols in their belts. All of this dramatic display was for nought, however, as the prosecution requested an adjournment of the case until the next Commission because "since Saturday important information had been received by the police, affecting not only Madden, but other persons". Counsel for the defence opposed the adjournment on the grounds that no new information could prejudice the case of the prisoner and that it was unfair to the young man, who had been in prison since September 3rd, to be sent back to prison for a further period. The judge granted the adjournment and gave the prisoner leave to appeal to a full Bench for bail. 

An explanation for the adjournment can be found in the activities around Lorrha in the previous week. Mr. Felix Cronin was arrested in a round-up and was deported. He had interested himself in the preparation of the defence of John J. Madden and, as a result of his endeavours, twenty-one witnesses for the defence attended the adjourned trial in Dublin. On the Sunday morning before the trial, Mr. James Carroll of Ballyquirke was arrested under DORA and conveyed to Limerick jail. He had been staying at his mother's house which had been raided by the police on several occasions. Mrs. Carroll said that the police examined any letters they found when they called and lifted lids of pots and pans even at twelve o'clock at night. On the same Sunday morning the police visited the house of Mr. Michael Hogan of Kilfadda but he was at a dance. When he found he was wanted he departed again. Other houses visited by the police at this time were those of William Boucher, Thomas Needham, Thomas Brett, of Lorrha, Mrs. Hough and Mr. Patrick Joyce of Carrigahorig and Mr. John Dillon of Ballyquirke. 

The new evidence that had come the way of the prosecution was presented at a special court at Nenagh on April 1st. On this occasion James Carroll of Ballyquirke was charged with the wilful murder of Sergeant Philip Brady on the night of September 2nd, 1919. The star witness for the prosecution was a Private John Gilligan, who gave his address as Waterloo Barracks, Aldershot. He stated 'he was an uncle of the accused man; his sister, Mrs. Carroll, was the mother of the accused man'. 

In the course. of his evidence Gilligan stated that he was thirty or thirty two years of age and that he was born in New York. At the age of five or six he came to live in Ireland and spent some time in the country. In 1907 he went back to America and he joined the army. Sometime during the war he joined the 3rd West Lancashires at Liverpool. He was demobilised in March 1919 and came to live with his relations at Ballyquirke. 

During the months before the shooting he heard his nephew, James Carroll, make anti-English and pro-Sinn Fein statements. In May he talked about using a gun, saying. he would soon need it and mentioned about revolutions. On the 15th of August he saw the accused with a gun in the house. Witness stated that at this time he was trying to get back to America with army assistance and this effort involved visits to Birr barracks. After such a visit he arrived back at Ballyquirke on the afternoon of September 2nd. 

That night Gilligan went to Lorrha with James Carroll about 9 o'clock. They parted at the church and witness waited for an hour and forty minutes for Carroll to return. While he was waiting he observed three policemen pass in the direction of Carrigahorig. About a quarter of an hour after this his nephew returned with two men who were Michael Hogan and John Joe Madden. The four set off towards Ballyquirke. 

On the way they stopped at Brett's cottage and Carroll went over the wall and returned with a long parcel and they proceeded along the way. When they came to Trench's gate Madden and Hogan went over the wall and started taking stones off the wall with Carroll who had remained outside. Witness started to go home, saying he was tired, but was ordered inside the wall. When they were all inside the wall the parcel was opened and it contained four guns. The three men started to load the guns and passed one of them to Gilligan. When he inquired their intention he was told 'We are going to hunt'. He was told to ask no more questions. Witness protested that he didn't want to be involved and left his gun by the wall. 

The sound of footsteps approaching was then heard. Gilligan looked over the wall and saw three policemen. When the policemen were almost abreast Madden fired his gun and said 'Hands Up!'. The guns of Hogan and Carroll then rang out. Gilligan saw one of the policemen lying on the ground and a second running in the direction of Ballyquirke. He went to run away and Carroll caught up with him and handed him his gun. They both ran inside the wall until Carroll came to his bicycle, which he put on the road and he gave Gilligan a lift back to Ballyquirke. 

When they arrived at Carroll's house no one was up. Carroll took the two guns and took them out to the yard. 'He remained outside for about ten minutes and before he took the guns from the accused took off his cap, put parriffin oil on it, and burned it. He also took his boots off and made an attempt to tear them, but he did not succeed and he took them out to the yard as well as the guns. I did not see the boots afterwards'. Witness remained in the house for about twenty minutes and then left for Birr, by the Ballyquirke Castle road. He arrived there about eight o'clock in the morning and got enlisted that day. He returned to Ballyqulrke that evening, spoke to Carroll, asked him if he was afraid of being found out. He said he did not worry as there were no informers around. The following morning Gilligan returned to Birr and from there to Preston, as an enlisted soldier. From Preston he went to Aldershot. He never gave any undertaking to join in the attack on the policemen on September 2nd. When he was handed a single barrelled shotgun in the court he recognised it as the one he saw with Carroll on August 15th. 

In the course of the hearing it transpired that Private Gilligan had made his statement to the police on February 8th. Mr. Kearns, solicitor, Portumna, who was also defending James Carroll, stated that this evidence had a bearing on his defence of John J. Madden. He protested that he had such short notice of this new evidence as Madden's case was coming up the following week. He could not understand why this was so, seeing that the Crown had this information in their possession since February and it was now April. For the prosecution, Mr. Gleeson, explained that Gilligan's story was such an elaborate one that it had to be checked and investigated by the authorities to see what foundation or corroboration there was for it. This investigation had only now been completed. 

Accused, who reserved his defence, was returned for trial to the next Assizes for the North Riding of the county. He was also returned for trial on the charge of the attempted murder of Contable J. Foley on the same occasion.

On the previous day, at the Nenagh Quarter Session, Judge Moore, K.C., gave his decision in the claim of Mrs. Margaret Brady for compensation for the loss of her husband, Sergeant Philip Brady, who was killed and in the case of Constable Foley, who was injured on the night of September 2nd. In the latter case his Honour awarded £2,300. In Mrs. Brady's case his honour awarded £2,000. 'This, he said,'was a different case to Constable Fo/ey's, as Sergeant Brady had 28 years service and Constable Foley was only twenty-eight years of age'. Both amounts were levied off the Borrisokane Rural District. Constable Foley had spent almost. two months in hospital as a result of his injuries. 

On Thursday April 22nd the trial of John J. Madden opened before the Lord Chief Justice and a Co. Dublin special jury at Green Street Courthouse, Dublin. The courthouse was strongly guarded, both inside and outside, by armed military and police. The prosecution was conducted by Mr. Wylie, K.C. and Mr. Dudley White, K.C., instructed by Mr. M. Gleeson, Crown Solicitor, Tipperary. Mr. P. Lynch, K.C. and Mr. Joseph O'Connor, instruced by Mr. J. Kearns, Portumna and Mr. A.C. Houlihan, Roscrea, appeared for the defence. The defendant was guraded in the dock by two soldiers with fixed bayonets. When asked to plead he replied: "I am not guilty, my Lord". The jury panel was called on fines of £20 and fifty were on stand by. Ten were challenged on behalf of the defence and the swearing in of the jury took over an hour. 

In opening the case for the prosecution, Mr. Wylie spoke of the enormity of the crime In which Sergeant Brady was shot on the road at night with less consideration than could be shown to a dog. Maps of the scene of the occurance were produced in court. In his evidence Constable John Foley repeated the evidence he had given at the earlier hearing, repeating his conviction that it was the prisoner he saw at the shooting. He informed the court that he had about eight drinks on the day of the shooting. He said he saw the forms of four men at the time. Mr. Lynch, for the defence, drew the witness's attention to the fact that the moon, which was only two days old on that night, had set at 10.22 p.m. Constable Foley claimed that it was shining enough for him to see the man. Defence counsel also drew witness's attention to his present evidence that he saw four forms at the scene and his previous signed disposition that he had seen five forms. Witness said that was a mistake. Constable McCormack then gave evidence and Head Constable Comiskey of Portumna told the court of the arrest of John J. Madden on September 3rd on his father's farm. 

The next witness for the prosecution was Private John Gilligan, who appeared in court in military uniform. He repeated the evidence he had given in the hearing at Nenagh in connection with his nephew, James Carroll. When he was crossexamined by defence counsel, Mr. Lynch, questioned him about a statement he had made to Inspector Dudgeon. It transpired that Gilligan had made this statement at Dublin Castle on February 7 but he had only received it from Mr. Wylie, counsel for the prosecution on the day before and he was extremely thankful to Mr. Wylie for giving him a copy of the statement. He did not know who was responsible for depriving him of this document but whoever was responsible 'should be made to feel the censure of those who were over him in authority, and should have meted out to him the justice that he deserved'. 

Gilligan's February 7th statement differed in a number of respects from the evidence recently given. In the former he left Blrr on September 1st and walked towards Portumna and had a sleep in a field that night. He also told Mr. Dudgeon that on the evening of the second, towards dusk, he started from Lorrha, and met four men on the road, three of whom were Carroll, Madden and Hogan, The statement continued: 'I stayed here long enough for me to make sure who they were and I did not let myself be seen by them' keeping in the shelter of the opposite wall. 'I heard them whispering but could not make out what they were saying'. Gilligan replied to Mr. Lynch that all the statements he made to Mr. Dudgeon on February 7th were a lie except where he said the men took stones off the wall. He further said that he came from Glasgow the day before he made the statement and stayed the night of the 6th in the Police Depot in the Phoenix Park. At this point Mr. Lynch asked: 'When did you hear about the reward offered for information about this murder?', 'I never heard of any reward'. 'It was purely out of love of justice that you came forward .to give evidence?' 'Nothing else', replied Gllllgan. The witness also denied that he had been sent out of America as an undesireable in 1914. 

The remaining witnesses for the prosecution were Dr. Brennan and Constable Kilmurray. The former spoke of examining the dead body and said that the night was dark and it would be difficult to distinguish people at a short distance. Constable Kilmurray gave evidence of finding a single-barrelled shotgun near the place of the shooting and finding a cartridge in it. The pellets matched those found in the body of Sergeant Brady. 

Opening the case for the defence Mr. Lynch addressed the jury and cautioned them lest their indignation at the terrible crime would sway their judgement on the issue involved. The issue for the jury was whether they were satisfied with the identification in the case, and he directed the jury's attention to the three tests that should always be applied in a murder case: the test of time, place and opportunity. It was now certain that the moon went down at 10.22 p.m. and the murder was placed at 11.45 p.m. Constable Foley's evidence was suspect because he had ten drinks that day but he believed that it was difficult to rely on the count. He was sure the man Gilligan did not recommend himself to the jury and that they would not take his evidence to send a man to the gallows. He also referred the jury to the fact that the accused had made a statement to a constable, a short time after his arrest, and that constable had not been called as a witness. Commenting on Gilligan he drew the jury's attention to the way he contradicted now what he had said on February 7th. He continued: "He is not a credit to human nature, and he does not look a bit better than he has shown himself to be. He is an impecunious ne'er-do-well come back from America. Did you ever in your life see such a contemptible specimen of humanity as Gilligan? Would any of you hand a neighbour's dog on anything sworn by Gilligan? 

Thomas Madden, father of the accused, gave evidence. He said his son, who was living at Lackeen, came to help him on September 2nd. After milking, the prisoner sat in the kitchen for a while and then went to bed. Witness locked up the house before going to bed and did not sleep until about 4 o'clock because he was in pain. He heard nobody leaving the house during the night. Prisoner got up soon after seven o'clock and was working when he was arrested. Mrs. Madden corroborated her husband's evidence. A neighbour stated that he had walked home from Portumna that night and it was dark without any moon. 

Sergeant McDougall of the Leinster Regiment, stationed at Birr produced the official record of recruits kept at the barracks. John Gilligan elisted on September 4th, 1919. He gave his age as 28 years and his occupation as a medical student and his place of birth as America. 

Addressing the jury on behalf of the prisoner Mr. O'Connor brought their attention to the manner in which the defence had been treated by some sinister influences and were it not for the uprightness of Mr. Wylie, their client might have been in a parlous state. As well as that the hearing had totally discredited Gilligan's evidence. For the prosecution Mr. Carrigan agreed that there was no statement by Gilligan in which the smallest credence could be placed. He did not agree that Constable Foley was drunk and he said that on the question of light the murderers 'had light enough to see their victims and shoot two of them with murderous accuracy'. In his address, the Lord Chief Justice, reminded the jury of the importance of their task and the shifting of the evidence. He advised them 'to eliminate the testimony of Gilligan. It would be utterly unsafe and wrong for them to act upon it'. Proceeding, his Lordship reviewed the rest of the evidence. Foley might, he said, be giving them what he honestly believed to be a faithful and true account but that was not enough for them. They should be convinced not only that he was telling them the truth but that he was accurate in his information, and that the accused was the person that faced him that night. So far as the other evidence was concerned it in no way implicated the accused. There was nothing found on him or in his father's house that in any way connected him with the crime. 'No matter how they looked at the case it depended on Foley and on Foley alone'. 

The jury retired and returned after twenty-five minutes. There was an air of tension in the court which was relieved when the Associate of the jury announced that they had agreed that the prisoner was 'not guilty'. There was slight applause which was quickly suppressed. Mr. Carrigan, for the prosecution stated there was another charge against the prisoner of having fired at Constable Foley with intent to murder. Havng regard to the verdict they would enter a nolle prosequi. The Lord Chief justice then announced the discharge of the prisoner. 

When the acquitted man appeared outside the courthouse he was enthusiastically greeted by his friends and cheered by a large crowd. He was raised shoulder high and in acknowledgement of the cheers raised his cap in the air. After a while he posed with some friends and a few priests for a photograph. Meanwhile the Lord Chief Justice thanked the jury and informed them that he approved of their verdict. 

In a comment on the verdict on April 24, the Evening Herald remarked: 'The trial was specially remarkable for two things. First, it flashed a light upon the dark methods by which evidence is sometimes manufactured by certain agents of the Crown anxious to procure a conviction, and apparently absolutely indifferent and callous as to whether the man liable to be sent to the scaffold is innocent or guilty. The wretched informer, Gilligan, told in the witness box a story which tallied in every detail with that told by Constable Foley. Here was a corroborative evidence which, if it had not been utterly discredited by cross-examlnat!on, would have placed in gravest peril the life of an innocent young man in the dock. But a dramatic development took place when it was elicited by counsel for the defence that the story sworn to by this degenerate scoundrel was an absolute contradiction of the statement made by him to the District Inspector on February 7th. 

The second notable feature of this Lorrha trial was the way Mr. Wylie informed counsel for the defence of the February 7th statement of Gilligan. 'By acting in the manner in which he did Mr. Wylie broke with the evil and infamous tradition and practice on the part of Irish Crown prosecutors in striving to obtain convictions of - as justice prescribes - exerting themselves to the sole end of enabling the truth to be determined· and a just verdict returned.' 

'Let us hope that this Lorrha trial, so conspicuous for the fairness and impartiality with which it was conducted, will form the opening of a new chapter'. 

Other Reaction

There were other reverberations. The Irish Statesman concurred with the verdict and commented on the fabricated evidence of Gilligan and on the fact that the constable 'could have identified anybody, only on the supposition that he could see, cat-like, in the dark'. In another part of the paper a commentator remarked: 'There was a welcome rivalry between Counsel for the Crown, Counsel for the prisoner and his Lordship on the bench, as to who should say best what he thought of Gilligan.' There was a question on the House of Commons to the Attorney-General for the names of the officials at Dublin Castle and the R.I.C. in the Phoenix Park who had interviewed Gilligan and whether, in view of the verdict and the comments of the Lord Chief Justice it was the intention of the Attorney General to prosecute Gilligan for perjury. In a written reply it was disclosed that it would not be in the public interest to name anybody and that it was not intended to prosecute Gilligan. 

Two weeks after the verdict James Carrell of Ballyquirke was released from Limerick jail where he had been in prison since February 8th. He received a rousing reception on his arrival home. There was a bonfire in the village followed by a dance at Carroll's home at Ballyquirke. 

The final word on the whole episode must be left to Fr. Gleeson, P.P. A letter from him appeared in the Midland Tribune on May 22, 1920 about a month after the trial. It read: 'Reference has been made to Private Gilligan, who gave evidence against John Madden and his own nephew,- Carroll, also against a young man named Hogan. In justice to those young men and in justice to Private Gilligan and his relatives, it now transpires that before he left the U.S. to take part in the war, Private Giliigan was detained in a lunatic asylum. The fact, and his experience during the war, may have been the real cause of his extraordinary conduct. Any person who has intimate knowledge of this country is aware that emigration and other causes have left their mark -on the people, resulting in the production of a number of weak minded persons in this county. We are always safer to judge our neighbours mercifully'.